tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-24749161579883123302024-03-06T17:11:46.911+08:00张志辉的博格Steve Teoh's BlogI believe in Peace, Truth, Fairness and Justice!张志辉 Steve Teohhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04985454428082038457noreply@blogger.comBlogger19125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2474916157988312330.post-50519444341190329502012-08-17T00:01:00.004+08:002012-08-17T00:22:07.757+08:00Mechanisms and suggestions for Section 114A of Evidence Act 1950Now that you are aware of the problems of <strong>section 114A of Evidence Act 1950</strong>, especially the fact that it can <u>unjustly inflicting hardship and constraint on innocent people</u>. <br />
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The provision of <em>presumption of fact in publication</em> is devastating towards justice, as it assumes the person has committed the crime unless proven otherwise. The accused may not have sufficient knowledge to even defend himself.<br />
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This will open up further loophole for people with ill intent to <strong>make up evidence</strong> or <strong>contrive events</strong> so as to incriminate a person falsely.<br />
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Let us have a look at the mechanisms on the Internet where this could happen:<br />
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<strong><u>Mechanisms</u></strong><br />
<strong><span style="color: blue;">1) Spoofing Attack</span></strong><br />
A spoofing attack is a situation where one person or program successfully masquerades as another by falsifying data and thereby gaining an illegitimate advantage. It is also known as man in the middle attack.<br />
<img height="248" id="il_fi" src="http://www.menandmice.com/files/Pictures/spoofer1.jpg" style="padding-bottom: 8px; padding-right: 8px; padding-top: 8px;" width="362" /><br />
<strong>Technical Verdict:</strong> The weaknesses of the server in Company B is opening up possibility for C to pretend to be B and inflicting damage on A and B. Both A and B may or may not be able to know the existence of C (man in the middle) unless a robust network security is implemented.<br />
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<strong>Legal Verdict (sec 114A)</strong>: B is guilty despite being the victim of attack by C. As B is not able to prove the existence of C, B assumes all liability.<br />
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<strong>Steve's comment:</strong> <em>Technical vulnerability</em> = <em>liability</em>? I am speechless.<br />
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<span style="color: red;">My suggestion will be to set up <strong>an independent commission</strong> to review the incident. If the independent commission affirms that it is the system's vulnerability that allows crime to be committed, then B should be given waiver without being called for defence.</span><br />
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<strong><span style="color: blue;">2) Identity Theft</span></strong><br />
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Another possible problem is that a person who has knowledge of identity of a person uses legitimate information from that person to register for a network service for malicious purposes. <br />
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<strong>Technical Verdict:</strong> Unless a reliable security token (biometric, thumbprint) is used to authenticate the person, there is no way we can be sure whether the person is whom he claimed to be over the Internet.<br />
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<strong>Legal Verdict (sec 114A)</strong>: The person is found guilty as all evidence points to the person. The person has no way to refute the claim of prosection if he has insufficient technical knowledge.<br />
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<strong>Steve's comment:</strong> Technically we <em>may not be able to pinpoint the culprit without authentication</em>, but since the burden of proof is on the victim, the victim will lose most of the time. This is not an exam for technical knowledge.<br />
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<span style="color: red;">Many Internet content and service providers such as facebook, yahoo etc in fact does not perform identity authentication on the subscribers. The subscribers in fact can use photos or data belonging to any person to register for an account. This will create more problems and to identify the curlprit beyond reasonable doubt will be difficult unless we do a network tracing. The person needs to be caught red-handed, similar to the handling of such cases of Internet pedophile in overseas.</span><br />
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<span style="color: red;">As a conclusion, clause (2) and (3) of section 114A, Evidence Act 1950 involves computers and network and hence it requires experts to determine whether there is any prima facie in the case. This cannot be left alone to the judiaciary as they do not have sufficient domain knowledge to make a judgement. An <strong>independent commission</strong> (with experts in computer and network security) should be formed to review every case and refer to the judiaciary only for those cases that are substantiated.</span><br />
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<strong>Context</strong><br />
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The context using <strong><span style="color: blue;">presumption</span></strong> was wrong in the first place. It should be substituted with more suitable words such as "<strong>suspected</strong>" because the person may be innocent.<br />
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If that is the case, the whole clause will become:<br />
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<b><span style="font-family: Times-Bold;">114A. <span style="background-color: orange;">Examination</span><b><span style="font-family: Times-Bold;"> of fact in publication</span></b></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times-Roman;">(1) A person whose name, photograph or pseudonym </span><span style="font-family: Times-Roman;">appears on any publication depicting himself as the owner, host, administrator, editor or sub-editor, or who in any manner facilitates to publish or re-publish the publication is <span style="background-color: yellow;"><strong>suspected</strong><span style="background-color: white;"> </span></span>to have published or re-published the contents of the publication <span style="color: orange;"><span style="background-color: orange; color: black;">upon examination and determination by an <strong>independent commission</strong>, are required to <strong>enter defence</strong>.</span> </span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Times-Roman;">(2) A person who is registered with a network service provider as a subscriber of a network service on which any publication originates from is <span style="background-color: yellow;"><strong>suspected</strong> </span>to be the person who published or re-published the publication, <span style="background-color: orange;">upon examination and determination by an <strong>independent commission</strong>, are required to <strong>enter defence</strong>.</span></span><span style="font-family: Times-Roman;"></span><br />
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(3) Any person who has in his custody or control any computer on which any publication originates </div>
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from is <span style="background-color: yellow;"><strong>suspected</strong></span> to have published or re-published the content of the publication<span style="background-color: orange;">, <span style="background-color: orange;">upon examination and determination by an <strong>independent commission</strong>, are required to <strong>enter defence</strong>.</span></span></div>
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张志辉 Steve Teohhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04985454428082038457noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2474916157988312330.post-91593291799728864732012-08-16T01:12:00.003+08:002012-08-17T00:25:47.314+08:00The problem of Evidence Act 1950 section 114A<span style="font-family: Times-Italic;"><strong>Criminal Laws and trials</strong> carries very serious consequences and hence should always be carefully and justly carried out.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Times-Italic;">Most nations apply the principle of <strong><em>Ei incumbit probatio qui dicit, non qui negat</em></strong> (the burden of proof lies with who declares, not who denies), whereby one is considered <b><span style="background-color: orange;">innocent</span><span style="background-color: orange;"> until</span><span style="background-color: yellow;"> </span><span style="background-color: yellow;">proven guilty</span></b>. The burden of proof always lies on the prosecution to prove that the accused is guilty beyond a reasonable doubt. If reasonable doubt remains, then the accused is to be acquitted. </span><br />
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The opposite principle is called <strong><em>Presumptions of guilt</em></strong>. An example is<span style="color: blue;"> </span><span dir="auto"><em><span style="color: blue;">Order to Show Cause</span></em> as in the Anglo-Saxon law systems. Court orders are issued to one or more of the parties requiring him/them to a case to justify, explain, or prove something to the court.</span></div>
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As you can see below, The Evidence Act section 114A uses a different principle of jurisprudence, i.e. <span style="background-color: yellow;">presumption of guilt </span><span style="background-color: orange;">unless the contrary is proven</span>.</div>
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<em>Anyway, for those who are interested, <strong>Presumption of Innocence and the right to defence</strong> has been affirmed by Article 48 of the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union. What I can say is our MPs really lack the substance and depth when it comes to Law making. </em><em>We seemed to be heading backward to the Old Age where basic human right is lacking. </em></div>
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I will write out my suggestions for improvement on the next episode, touching on technicalities of network security. Stay tuned.</div>
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<em><span style="font-family: Times-Italic;">Written by: Steve Teoh Chee Hooi</span></em></div>
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<em>_______________________________________________________________</em></div>
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<em><strong>Evidence (Amendment) (No. 2)</strong> </em></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times-Bold;"><strong>New section 114A</strong></span></div>
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</span></span></strong><span style="font-family: Times-Bold;"><strong>3. </strong>The principal Act is amended by inserting after section 114 the following section:</span><span style="font-family: Times-Roman;"></span><br />
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<b><span style="font-family: Times-Bold;">114A. “<b><span style="font-family: Times-Bold;"><span style="background-color: yellow;">Presumption</span> of fact in publication</span></b></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times-Roman;">(1) A person whose name, photograph or pseudonym </span><span style="font-family: Times-Roman;">appears on any publication depicting himself as the owner, host, administrator, editor or sub-editor, or who in any manner facilitates to publish or re-publish the publication is <span style="background-color: yellow;">presumed</span> to have published or re-published the contents of the publication <span style="background-color: orange;">unless the</span><span style="background-color: orange;"> contrary is proved</span>.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times-Roman;">(2) A person who is registered with a network service provider as a subscriber of a network service on which any publication originates from is <span style="background-color: yellow;">presumed</span> to be the person who published or re-published the publication <span style="background-color: orange;">unless the contrary is proved</span>.</span><br />
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(3) Any person who has in his custody or control any computer on which any publication originates from is <span style="background-color: yellow;">presumed</span> to have published or re-published the content of the publication <span style="background-color: orange;">unless the contrary is proved.</span></div>
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(4) For the purpose of this section—</div>
</span><i><span style="font-family: Times-Italic;">(a) “network service”and “network service provider” <span style="font-family: Times-Roman;">have the meaning assigned to them in section 6 of the Communications and Multimedia Act 1998 [<em>Act 588<span style="font-family: Times-Italic;"></span><span style="font-family: Times-Roman;">]; and</span></em></span></span></i><i><span style="font-family: Times-Italic;"><br />
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(b) “publication” means a statement or a representation, whether in written, printed, pictorial, film, graphical,acoustic or other form displayed on the screen of a computer.”</div>
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</span></i><span style="font-family: Times-Roman; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Times-Roman; font-size: x-small;"><strong>EXPLANATORY STATEMENT</strong></span></span><br />
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This Bill seeks to amend the Evidence Act 1950 (“Act 56”).</div>
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2. <em>Clause 1 <span style="font-family: Times-Italic; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Times-Italic; font-size: x-small;"></span></span></em><span style="font-family: Times-Roman; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Times-Roman; font-size: x-small;">contains the short title and the power of the Minister to appoint the commencement date of the proposed Act.</span></span></div>
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</span><span style="font-family: Times-Roman; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Times-Roman; font-size: x-small;">3. <em>Clause 2 <span style="font-family: Times-Italic; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Times-Italic; font-size: x-small;"></span></span></em><span style="font-family: Times-Roman; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Times-Roman; font-size: x-small;">seeks to amend section 3 of Act 56 to streamline the definition of “computer” with the definition of “computer” in the Computer Crimes Act 1997.</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Times-Roman; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Times-Roman; font-size: x-small;"><div align="LEFT">
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</span></span><span style="font-family: Times-Roman; font-size: x-small;"></span><span style="font-family: Times-Roman; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Times-Roman; font-size: x-small;">4. <em>Clause 3 <span style="font-family: Times-Italic; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Times-Italic; font-size: x-small;"></span></span></em><span style="font-family: Times-Roman; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Times-Roman; font-size: x-small;">seeks to introduce a new section 114</span></span><span style="font-family: Times-Roman; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: Times-Roman; font-size: xx-small;">A </span></span><span style="font-family: Times-Roman; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Times-Roman; font-size: x-small;">into Act 56 to provide for </span></span><span style="font-family: Times-Roman; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Times-Roman; font-size: x-small;">the presumption of fact in publication in order to facilitate the identification and proving of the identity of an anonymous person involved in publication through the internet.</span></span></span></span>张志辉 Steve Teohhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04985454428082038457noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2474916157988312330.post-81427035468783075242012-02-08T03:59:00.002+08:002012-02-08T04:06:52.383+08:00正義:一場思辨之旅 JUSTICE: What’s the Right Thing to Do<strong>JUSTICE: What’s the Right Thing to Do </strong><br />
<strong>by Michael Sandel (Harvard University)<br /> </strong><br />
<strong>正義:一場思辨之旅 作者:邁可.桑德爾</strong><br />
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如果您想知道更多关于正义的概念以及如何将它应用在我们的社会,请观看以下:<br />
<strong> </strong><a href="http://www.youtube.com/embed/k43m1GcSyNA" rel="nofollow nofollow" target="_blank">http://www.youtube.com/embed/k43m1GcSyNA</a> (中文字幕)<br />
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<span class="commentBody" data-jsid="text">For those who would want to know more about the concepts of justice and how it is applied to our society, please watch the episodes in <a href="http://www.justiceharvard.org/" rel="nofollow nofollow" target="_blank">http://<wbr></wbr><span class="word_break"></span>www.justiceharvard.org/</a> (English)</span>张志辉 Steve Teohhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04985454428082038457noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2474916157988312330.post-58023957425335747962012-02-08T03:32:00.000+08:002012-02-08T03:32:17.077+08:00媒体不是党报!之前看到邱光耀博士又大言不惭的发表其“援交”论,矛头针对某些无辜的媒体从业员,只因为他们为国阵报道了一方面的新闻。这对他们极为不公平。这些人根本没有犯任何错,而是在履行的就是媒体的中立性-让<strong>观点自由</strong>发表(freedom of expression)。<br />
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媒体报告本来就应该是应该是公正无私(fair),不分党派(non partisan),根据各方的意见(impartial),不加修饰的如实报道各项新闻(unmodified)。如果媒体都只是一味为邱光耀的论调报道,那它就失去媒体自由的意义,而沦为行动党的党报了。<br />
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邱光耀此举与德国在1933年因纳粹主义抬头,由<span>约瑟夫</span><span>·</span><span>戈培尔(Joseph Goebbels)领导的</span><span>公共</span><span>启蒙</span><span>和</span><span>宣传部(Ministry of Public Enlightenment and Propaganda)</span>压制新闻自由的方法一模一样,所有报章及影视媒体都要签署效忠于纳粹党的宣誓书(oath of loyalty ),违例者将被监禁或枪毙,许多无辜的人就这样成了牺牲品。<br />
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邱光耀的言论不仅羞辱媒体从业员,还带有“顺我者昌、逆我者亡”的意思。凡是支持己方的就是正义之师,反对的就是邪魔外道,把国阵所有人都妖魔化(demonize),甚至是采访国阵的媒体从业员也难幸免,借此贬低对方而提高己方的价值。这是非常荒谬绝伦的逻辑,殊不知纣王身边也有比干、微子、箕子等贤臣,国阵即使有美中不足,也不乏能人贤士,如果把全部人都妖魔化,那就是自欺欺人了。<br />
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深一层的想, 许多极端狂热主义(fanatism)如纳粹主义,甚至是种族清洗(genocide)都是通过意识灌输来合理化自己的道德价值(moral values),标榜着自己是正义、独一无二的,再散播一些危机意识,引起民愤,借此获得民众的支持。这种手法已经拐离了原本正义的普世意义。<br />
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这也让我想起之前因为为国阵站台而被杯葛的艺人,这些人的思维模式就是建立在愤怒(rage)的基础上,根本不能理性思考。试想想艺员难道就肯定有支持国阵的决定权吗?这倒不一定。许多签约艺员是要根据合约行事,毁约是要承担后果的,结果这些艺人就这样被一班无知的网民口诛笔伐,被枉套上走狗、汉奸等尖酸刻薄的字眼,这就是正义了吗?不!<br /><br />正义是不随便伤害(包括语言中伤)、不侵犯他人基本人权的。除非那个人犯了法(breach of law),我们才会以應報正義(Retributive justice)对付其恶行。以上媒体从业员以及艺人难道因为履行责任就犯了法吗?邱光耀以及一些网民的行为根本就没有体现正义的基础,而是体现了狂热主义排除异己的极端手法!<br />
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如果邱光耀还是不懂得何谓正义是相对的不是简单的正邪二分法的话,我建议他去看看哈佛大学桑德爾(Michael Sandel )教授的文章 - 正義:一場思辨之旅 <a href="http://www.youtube.com/embed/k43m1GcSyNA" rel="nofollow nofollow" target="_blank"></a>(Justice: What’s the Right Thing to Do )。张志辉 Steve Teohhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04985454428082038457noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2474916157988312330.post-59584769162551933582012-01-13T22:09:00.002+08:002012-08-17T00:27:13.571+08:00美国士兵守则<div class="entry">
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<a href="http://jojo0227.blog.sohu.com/111816064.html" target="_blank">美国士兵守则(网络转载)</a></h4>
by:不语随光</div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体;"><strong><u>美国士兵守则</u></strong></span><span style="color: black;"><strong><u> </u></strong></span><span style="color: red;">1<span style="font-family: 宋体;">、</span> You are not a superman.</span><span style="color: black;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体;">你不是超人。(不要无谓的冒险、不要做傻事)</span><span style="color: black;"> <br /><br />2. If it's stupid but works</span><span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体;">,</span><span style="color: black;">it isn't stupid. </span><span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体;">如果一个蠢方法有效,那它就不是一个蠢方法。</span><span style="color: black;"> <br /><br />3.Don't look conspicuous - it draws fire. (This is why aircraft carriers are called "Bomb Magnets".) </span><span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体;">不要太显眼,因为那会引来对方火力攻击。(这就是航母被称为</span><span style="color: black;">"</span><span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体;">炸弹磁铁</span><span style="color: black;">"</span><span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体;">的原因。)</span><span style="color: black;"> <br /><br />4. Never share a foxhole with anyone braver than you are. </span><span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体;">别和比你勇敢的战友躲在同一个散兵坑里。</span><span style="color: black;"> <br /><br />5. Never forget that the lowest bidder made your weapon. </span><span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体;">别忘了你手上的武器是由最低价的承包商得标制造的。</span><span style="color: black;"> <br /><br />6. If your attack is going really well</span><span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体;">,</span><span style="color: black;">it's an ambush. </span><span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体;">如果你的攻击进行得很顺利,那一定是你中了圈套。</span><span style="color: black;"> <br /><br />7. All five-second grenade fuses will burn down in three seconds. </span><span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体;">所有五秒的手榴弹引线都会在三秒内烧完。</span><span style="color: black;"> <br /><br />8. Try to look unimportant because bad guys may be low on ammo. </span><span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体;">尽量显得是一个无关紧要的人,因为敌人可能弹药不够了。(他会先打最重要的人)</span><span style="color: black;"> <br /><br />9. If you are forward of your position</span><span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体;">,</span><span style="color: black;">the artillary will fall short. </span><span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体;">每当你要攻击前进时,炮兵往往也快要用完了炮弹。</span><span style="color: black;"> <br /><br />10. The enemy diversion you are ignoring is the main attack. </span><span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体;">那支你以为是敌军疑兵而不加注意的部队恰恰就是敌人的攻击主力。</span><span style="color: black;"> <br /><br />11. The important things are always simple. </span><span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体;">重要的事总是简单的。</span><span style="color: black;"> <br /><br />12. The simple things are always hard. </span><span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体;">简单的事总是难作到。</span><span style="color: black;"> <br /><br />13. The easy way is always mined. </span><span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体;">好走的路总是已被敌军布上了地雷。</span><span style="color: black;"> <br /><br />14. If you are short of everything except enemy. You are in combat. </span><span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体;">如果你除了敌人不缺,其它什么都缺,那你往往就要面临作战了。</span><span style="color: black;"> <br /><br />15. Incoming fire has the right of way. </span><span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体;">飞来的子弹有优先通行权。</span><span style="color: black;"> <br /><br />16. If the enemy is in range</span><span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体;">,</span><span style="color: black;"> SO ARE YOU!!! </span><span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体;">如果敌人正在你的射程内,别忘了你也在他的射程内。</span><span style="color: black;"> <br /><br />17. No combat ready unit has ever passed inspections. </span><span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体;">从没有一支完成战备的单位能通过校阅。</span><span style="color: black;"> <br /><br />18. Things that must be together to work usually can't be shipped together. </span><span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体;">必须要装配在一起才能发挥效力的武器装备通常不会一起运来。</span><span style="color: black;"> <br /><br />19. Radio's will fail as soon as you need fire support desperately. </span><span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体;">无线电通讯会有可能在你急需火力支援时失灵。</span><span style="color: black;"> <br /><br /><span style="color: red;">20. Anything you do can get you shot - including doing nothing. </span></span><span style="color: red;"><span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体;">你作的任何事都可能挨枪子儿</span><span style="color: black;"> -- </span><span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体;">包括你什么都不做。</span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: red;"> </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: red;"></span><br />21. Tracers work both ways. </span><span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体;">曳光弹可以帮你找到敌踪;但也会让敌人找到你。</span><span style="color: black;"> <br /><br />22. The only thing more accurate than incoming enemy fire is incoming friendly fire. </span><span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体;">唯一比敌人火力还精确的是友军打过来的炮火。(误射)</span><span style="color: black;"> <br /><br />23. Make it tough for the enemy to get in and you can't get out. </span><span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体;">当你防守严密到敌人攻不进来时,那往往你自己也打出不去。</span><span style="color: black;"> <br /><br />24. If you take more than your fair share of objectives</span><span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体;">,</span><span style="color: black;"> you will have more than your fair share of objectives to take. </span><span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体;">如果你多报战功,那下次你会被给予超过你能力的目标让你去打。(自讨苦吃)</span><span style="color: black;"> <br /><br />25. When both sides are convinced that they are about to lose</span><span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体;">,</span><span style="color: black;"> they are both right. </span><span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体;">当两军都觉得自己快输时,那他们可能都是对的。</span><span style="color: black;"> <br /><br />26. Professional soldiers are predictable but the world is full of amateurs. </span><span style="color: black; font-family: 宋体;">专业士兵的行为是你能预测的,可惜战场上业余的士兵占多数,因此敌人的行为大部分是你所无法预测的。</span><span style="color: black;"> </span></span></div>
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张志辉 Steve Teohhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04985454428082038457noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2474916157988312330.post-48738810647631730642011-12-27T04:33:00.000+08:002011-12-27T16:05:50.541+08:00Analysis of Naval Strength of South East Asia<br />
<strong>Question 1: What will be the immediate action required to achieve
balance of power?<br /><br />Answer: </strong>We are short of mid-sized ships, i.e.
frigates and corvettes to cover our seas. Singapore has a total of 12 vessels,
Philippine has 13 vessels, Indonesia has 28 vessels while Thailand has 17
vessels with 1 aircraft carrier. Ideally we need <strong><span style="color: red;">at least 4 more frigates and corvettes</span></strong>.<br />
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<strong>Question 2: Is Malaysia in need of submarines?<br /><br />Answer:</strong>
Perhaps the immediate threat will be from our nearest neighbours - Singapore
with 6 submarines and Indonesia with 2 submarines. Vietnam will take delivery
of 2 submarines from DPR in 2012 and 6 more submarines from Russia from
2014-2019. There are two options for anti submarine warfare - (1) <strong><span style="color: blue;">deploy attack submarines</span></strong> or (2) <strong><span style="color: blue;">strengthen anti submarine warfare (ASW) with helicopter,
anti submarine destroyer or sub chasers</span></strong>.<br />
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<strong>Question 3: What other things are we short of, compared to our
neighbours?<br /><br />Answer: </strong>In terms of <span style="color: blue;"><strong>amphibious vehicle and
rapid troops deployment</strong></span>, we are short of LCM, LST and the like. <br />
Indonesia seems to be a fan of old doctrine of engagement via shore landings
with 35 ships. Vietnam has 20, Thailand has 14 ships, while Singapore has 4. We have lost
the only LST due to fire*.<br />
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Note*: Our last LST was KD Sri Inderapura that was destroyed by fire on 8
Oct 2009 while anchored in the Lumut Naval Base. KD Sri Inderapura was
officially decommissioned from Royal Malaysian Navy on 21 Jan 2010. <br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjugsj4esw6HBUiFT9TzTEy6d1vCiPo9u5icjGPN7OyqLQWCpTmbsRjyoiPsWZpMb1Ho8LIozN4yp6iUrcTOgcDpPUuKvZbpV2vsDpHT73nZ7G1__RNlq0a5J006Lv7zrpNxpiJ04SzMny3/s1600/navy_of_sea.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="310" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjugsj4esw6HBUiFT9TzTEy6d1vCiPo9u5icjGPN7OyqLQWCpTmbsRjyoiPsWZpMb1Ho8LIozN4yp6iUrcTOgcDpPUuKvZbpV2vsDpHT73nZ7G1__RNlq0a5J006Lv7zrpNxpiJ04SzMny3/s400/navy_of_sea.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>张志辉 Steve Teohhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04985454428082038457noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2474916157988312330.post-71011902489069288062011-12-27T00:52:00.001+08:002011-12-27T10:18:55.763+08:00我们准备迎接两党制了吗?<span style="color: red; font-family: Simsun;"></span><br />
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<span style="color: #333333; display: none; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 24pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-hide: all;">A</span><span style="color: #333333; display: none; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-hide: all;"> </span><span style="color: #333333; display: none; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 18pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-hide: all;">two-party political system</span><span style="color: #333333; display: none; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-hide: all;"> is a
system where two major political parties dominate voting in nearly all levels
of elections for government.</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="color: #333333; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 24pt; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">两党制</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="color: #333333; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: MingLiU;">是一个由两大政党主导的政治系统,在所有各级的选举中都参选。</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="color: #333333; display: none; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-hide: all;">再</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="color: #333333; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: MingLiU;">在两党制下拥有多数议席的政党将组成政府,而少数票政党将成为反对党。</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"> <br />
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</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="color: #333333; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">我国<span style="display: none; mso-hide: all;">我国</span></span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="color: #333333; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: MingLiU;">最近也出现了一股力量在推动着两党制。</span><span style="color: #333333; display: none; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-hide: all;">Some proponents have gone to the
extent of proposing the abolishment of race-based party to encourage the growth
of two party system.</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="color: #333333; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: MingLiU;">这些支持者谴责种族性政党是妨碍两党制蓬勃发展的罪魁祸首。他们认为以种族为基础的政党已经不能迎合现代社会的需求,更认为如要两党制健全发展,那废除种族性政党是势在必行的。</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"> <br />
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</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="color: #333333; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">两党制到底是不是</span><span style="color: #333333; display: none; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-hide: all;">Is two
party system the only choice that we have?</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="color: #333333; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: MingLiU;">唯一的选择呢?</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="color: #333333; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="color: #333333; display: none; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-hide: all;">To answer
this, we have to honestly answer the following questions:</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="color: #333333; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: MingLiU;">要回答这个问题,我们必须真诚的回答以下的问题:</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"> <br />
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</span><b><span style="color: #333333; display: none; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-hide: all;">(1)
Is two party system </span></b><b><span style="color: red; display: none; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-hide: all;">the only solution</span></b><b><span style="color: #333333; display: none; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-hide: all;"> ?</span></b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"> </span><b><span lang="ZH-CN" style="color: #333333; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: MingLiU; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">(</span></b><b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">1</span></b><b><span lang="ZH-CN" style="color: #333333; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: MingLiU; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">)两党制<span style="color: red;">是不是</span></span></b><b><span lang="ZH-CN" style="color: red; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: MingLiU; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">唯一的选择</span></b><span lang="ZH-CN" style="color: #333333; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: MingLiU;">呢?</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"> <br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
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<span style="color: #333333; display: none; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-hide: all;">There are many countries in the world
that practices </span><b><span style="color: blue; display: none; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-hide: all;">multiple party system</span></b><span style="color: #333333; display: none; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-hide: all;"> , including developed nations, eg
France, Germany, Italy, Canada, the Netherlands, Denmark, Sweden, Norway,
Finland, New Zealand, Ireland, Taiwan, India, Indonesia, Israel, Mexico and
Brazil.</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="color: #333333; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: MingLiU;">世界上有许多国家(包括发达国家)奉行</span><b><span lang="ZH-CN" style="color: blue; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: MingLiU; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">多党制</span></b><span lang="ZH-CN" style="color: #333333; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: MingLiU;">,典型例子有法国、德国、意大利、加拿大、荷兰、丹麦、瑞典、挪威、芬兰、纽西兰、爱尔兰、台湾、印度、印尼、以色列、墨西哥和巴西等。</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="color: #333333; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"> 除此以外,一</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="color: #333333; display: none; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-hide: all;">一</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="color: #333333; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: MingLiU;">些国家是奉行</span><b><span lang="ZH-CN" style="color: blue; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: MingLiU; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">单一或主导性</span></b><span lang="ZH-CN" style="color: #333333; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: MingLiU;">政党的,例如:中华人民共和国和</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: MingLiU; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">新加坡</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: MingLiU;">。<span style="color: #333333;">上述的例子皆显示</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: blue;">两党制不是唯一</span><span style="color: #3333ff;">的</span><span style="color: blue;">选择</span></b><span style="color: #333333;">。</span></span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"> <br />
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</span><b><span style="color: #333333; display: none; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-hide: all;">(2)
Are there any advantages or disadvantages of two party system that we are
unaware of?</span></b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"> </span><b><span lang="ZH-CN" style="color: #333333; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: MingLiU; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">(</span></b><b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">2</span></b><b><span lang="ZH-CN" style="color: #333333; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: MingLiU; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">)两党制是否有任何我们不知道的的<span style="color: red;">优势或缺点</span></span></b><span lang="ZH-CN" style="color: #333333; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: MingLiU;">?</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"> <br />
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</span><span style="color: #333333; display: none; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-hide: all;">The
advantages of two-party systems are:</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="color: #333333; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: MingLiU;">两党制的优点是:</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"> </span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Simsun;"></span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><br /></span><span style="color: #333333; display: none; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-hide: all;">i)
Two-party systems promote centrism and encourages political parties to find
common positions which appeal to </span><span style="color: blue; display: none; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-hide: all;">wide swaths of the electorate</span><span style="color: #333333; display: none; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-hide: all;"> .</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="color: #333333; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">一</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="color: #333333; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: MingLiU;">)两党制能促进中央合并,并鼓励各政党达致共识</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="color: blue; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: MingLiU;">,</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: MingLiU;">以便<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #3333ff;">能够获得广大选民的支持</span><span style="color: black;">。</span></b></span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="color: #333333; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: MingLiU;">它能让政治稳定,促进经济增长。</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"> </span><br />
<br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">
</span><span style="color: #333333; display: none; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-hide: all;">ii)
two-party systems are </span><span style="color: blue; display: none; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-hide: all;">simpler to govern</span><span style="color: #333333; display: none; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-hide: all;"> , with less fractiousness and harmony, while multi-party
systems can sometimes lead to <i>hung parliaments.</i></span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="color: #333333; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: MingLiU;">二)两党制</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: MingLiU;">是<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #3333ff;">简单的治理系统</span></b><span style="color: #333333;">,它能减少分裂、促进和谐,而多党系统有时</span></span><i><span lang="ZH-CN" style="color: #333333; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: MingLiU; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">会导致悬恃</span></i><span style="color: #333333; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: MingLiU;"><span lang="ZH-CN">会。</span></span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"> <br />
<br />
</span><span style="color: #333333; display: none; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-hide: all;">The
disadvantages are:</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="color: #333333; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: MingLiU;">两党制的缺点是:</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"> </span><br />
<br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">
</span><span style="color: #333333; display: none; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-hide: all;">i)
Two-party systems </span><span style="color: red; display: none; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-hide: all;">fail to provide enough options</span><span style="color: #333333; display: none; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-hide: all;"> since only two choices are permitted
on the ballot ( <i>The Tyranny of the Two–party system</i> , Lisa Jane Disch
2002).</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="color: #333333; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">一</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="color: #333333; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: MingLiU;">)两党制</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="color: red; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: MingLiU;">无法提供足够的选择</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="color: #333333; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"> </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="color: #333333; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: MingLiU;">,因为在选票上它只允许两个选择。</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: MingLiU;"><br />
</span><i><span lang="ZH-CN" style="color: #333333; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: MingLiU; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">(来源:“两党制</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="color: #333333; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: MingLiU;">的暴政</span></i><span lang="ZH-CN" style="color: #333333; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: MingLiU;">”,</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: MingLiU;">Lisa Jane Disch</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"> 2002</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="color: #333333; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: MingLiU;">年)。</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"> <br />
</span><span style="color: #333333; display: none; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-hide: all;">ii)
The winner-take-all mechanism </span><span style="color: red; display: none; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-hide: all;">discourages independent or third-party candidates</span><span style="color: #333333; display: none; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-hide: all;"> from
running for office or promulgating their views (" <i>The Electoral College
Explained"</i> in <i>Time Magazine</i> , Kristina Dell, Nov 2001).</span><br />
<span lang="ZH-CN" style="color: #333333; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">二</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="color: #333333; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: MingLiU;">)两党制内的“</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="color: red; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: MingLiU;">赢家通吃</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: MingLiU;">”<span lang="ZH-CN">的机制</span></span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: MingLiU;">,<span style="color: red;">阻碍独立人士或第三方候选人竞选或公布他们的意</span></span><span style="color: red; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: MingLiU;"><span lang="ZH-CN">见</span></span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="color: #333333; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: MingLiU;">。</span><i><span lang="ZH-CN" style="color: #333333; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: MingLiU; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">(来源:</span></i><i><span style="color: #333333; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">“</span></i><i><span lang="ZH-CN" style="color: #333333; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: MingLiU; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">选举团解释</span></i><i><span style="color: #333333; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: MingLiU; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">", </span></i><span lang="ZH-CN" style="color: #333333; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: MingLiU; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">时代周刊<i>,</i></span><i><span style="color: #333333; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: MingLiU; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Kristina Dell, Nov 2001<span lang="ZH-CN">)</span></span></i><span style="color: #333333; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><br />
</span><span style="color: #333333; display: none; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-hide: all;">iii)
The American two-party system is </span><span style="color: red; display: none; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-hide: all;">not as representative</span><span style="color: #333333; display: none; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-hide: all;"> as the
parliamentary system as the latter is inherently much more open to minority
parties getting much better representation than third parties.</span><br />
<span lang="ZH-CN" style="color: #333333; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: MingLiU;">三)</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: MingLiU;">美国的两党制<span style="color: red;">不比英国的多党国会</span></span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="color: red; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: MingLiU; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">模式具代表性</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="color: #333333; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: MingLiU;">,因为后者是本质上更能让第三方代</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: MingLiU;"><span lang="ZH-CN">表或少数党有机会成为代表。</span></span><span style="color: #333333; display: none; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-hide: all;">It is also
interesting to note that majority of democracies around the world have chosen
the British multi-party model ( <i>"Exceptional Democracy"</i> in <i>Huffington
Post</i> , Chris Weigant, April 7, 2010).</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="color: #333333; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: MingLiU;">值得注意的是世界各地的民主模式多数选择了英国的多</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: MingLiU;"><span lang="ZH-CN">党</span></span><i><span lang="ZH-CN" style="color: #333333; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: MingLiU; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">模式</span></i><span lang="ZH-CN" style="color: #333333; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: MingLiU;">。</span><i><span lang="ZH-CN" style="color: #333333; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: MingLiU; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">(来源:</span></i><i><span style="color: #333333; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">“</span></i><i><span lang="ZH-CN" style="color: #333333; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: MingLiU; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">特殊民主</span></i><i><span style="color: #333333; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">”</span></i><span lang="ZH-CN" style="color: #333333; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: MingLiU; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">赫芬顿</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="color: #333333; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: MingLiU;">邮报,</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: MingLiU;">Chris Weigant, April 7, 2010<span lang="ZH-CN">)</span></span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><br />
<br />
</span><b><span style="color: #333333; display: none; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-hide: all;">(3)
Can two party system be implemented in our local political landscape?</span></b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"> </span><b><span lang="ZH-CN" style="color: #333333; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: MingLiU; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">(</span></b><b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">3</span></b><b><span lang="ZH-CN" style="color: #333333; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: MingLiU; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">)两党制的能否在我国政治局势中落实?</span></b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"> <br />
<br />
</span><span style="color: #333333; display: none; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-hide: all;">To
address this question, we must look at a) historical foundation and b) current
development:</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="color: #333333; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: MingLiU;">要回答这个问题,我们必须看:(</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: MingLiU;">A<span lang="ZH-CN">)历史基础 和</span></span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="color: #333333; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"> (</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">B</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="color: #333333; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: MingLiU;">)目前的发展:</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"> <br />
<br />
</span><u><span style="color: #333333; display: none; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-hide: all;">a)
Historical foundation</span></u><span style="color: #333333; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"> <u>A</u></span><u><span lang="ZH-CN" style="color: #333333; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: MingLiU;">)历史基础</span></u><span style="color: #333333; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"> <br />
<br />
</span><span style="color: #333333; display: none; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-hide: all;">Historically
our parliamentary system is based on the <b>British multi-party model</b> .</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="color: #333333; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: MingLiU;">从历史层面看,我们的议会制度</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="color: #333333; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: MingLiU; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">是建立于<b>英国的</b></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="color: #333333; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: MingLiU;">多党模式</span></b><span lang="ZH-CN" style="color: #333333; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: MingLiU;">。</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="color: #333333; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="color: #333333; display: none; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-hide: all;">Despite the
difference, the </span><span style="color: magenta; display: none; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-hide: all;">"winner-takes-all"</span><span style="color: #333333; display: none; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-hide: all;"> system in our country is very similar
to the United States and is seen as a catalyst to two-party system.</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="color: #333333; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: MingLiU;">尽管与美国是两党制不</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: MingLiU;">同,它的</span><span style="color: magenta; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">“</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="color: magenta; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: MingLiU;">赢家通吃</span><span style="color: magenta; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">”</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="color: #333333; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: MingLiU;">机制却令两者看起来非常相似。这间接的成为我国两党制的一个催化剂。</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="color: #333333; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"> 在这</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="color: #333333; display: none; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-hide: all;">在这</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">“</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="color: magenta; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: MingLiU;">赢家通吃</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">”</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="color: #333333; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: MingLiU;">机制下,较弱的政党被逼结盟或融合来够挑战强大的一方霸主,以便在立法议会获得的它的政治影响力。</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"> <br />
<br />
</span><u><span style="color: #333333; display: none; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-hide: all;">b)
Current development</span></u><span style="color: #333333; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"> <u>b</u></span><u><span lang="ZH-CN" style="color: #333333; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: MingLiU;">)目前的发展</span></u><span style="color: #333333; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"> <br />
<br />
</span><span style="color: #333333; display: none; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-hide: all;">In
the context of Malaysia, a fusion is nearly impossible judging from the fact
that both BN and PR components are formed from the various political parties
with different background, ideologies, objectives and "religion"
(probably the only odd one in this world).</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="color: #333333; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: MingLiU;">在马来西亚的政治背景下,融合</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: MingLiU;"> (fusion) <span lang="ZH-CN">几乎是不可能的,因为国阵(</span>BN<span lang="ZH-CN">)及民联(</span>PR<span lang="ZH-CN">)是由不同的背景,意识形态,目标和</span></span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">“</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="color: #333333; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: MingLiU;">宗教</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">”</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="color: #333333; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: MingLiU;">(大概是世上唯一的怪象)的成员党所组成。</span><span style="color: #333333; display: none; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-hide: all;">It is very
difficult to find an absolute consensus and hence the alliance is formed on a </span><span style="color: red; display: none; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-hide: all;">weakly agreed
terms</span><span style="color: #333333; display: none; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-hide: all;"> .</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="color: #333333; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: MingLiU;">绝对的共识是非常难找到的,而这些联盟</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: MingLiU;">大都<span style="color: red;">由非常脆弱的条件所契合</span><span style="color: #333333;">。</span></span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="color: #333333; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">一旦</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="color: #333333; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: MingLiU;">爆发灰色地带争议而陷入僵局后,其</span><span style="color: #333333; display: none; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-hide: all;">Not
surprisingly many parties and people broke off from the alliance once a
deadlock in the grey area was met.</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="color: #333333; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: MingLiU;">成员党及人士就会相继脱离,这是一点都不奇怪的。</span><span style="color: #333333; display: none; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-hide: all;">To
facilitate fusion, the parties must go through many rounds of evolution and
assimilation, including compromise on their core beliefs in order to reach a
formidable consensus.</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="color: #333333; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: MingLiU;">为了促进融合(</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: MingLiU;">fusion<span lang="ZH-CN">),各成员党都必须经过多次的演变</span>(evolution)<span lang="ZH-CN">和同化</span>(assimilation)<span lang="ZH-CN">,包括妥协自己的核心价值观,才能促成一项无坚不摧的共识。除非每个人都愿意妥协,否则</span></span><span style="color: #333333; display: none; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-hide: all;">It is not
likely going to happen in the near future unless everyone is willing to
compromise!</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="color: #333333; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: MingLiU;">这不太可能会在近期发生!这就是为何</span><span style="color: #333333; display: none; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-hide: all;">The current
two coalition systems between BN and PR has seen many alliance and parting from
its members.</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="color: #333333; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: MingLiU;">国阵及民联的联盟不断有成员加入和成员脱离的原因。</span><span style="color: #333333; display: none; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-hide: all;">Despite the
problems, it is probably the best form of alliance system as they are formed
with a breath of representations from all walks of life.</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="color: #333333; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: MingLiU;">尽管有存在的问题,联盟体制还是最佳的形式,因为它能够容纳各造,籍此达到更广泛的代表性。</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"> <br />
<br />
</span><b><span style="color: #333333; display: none; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-hide: all;">(4)
What does it take to have two-party system?</span></b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"> </span><b><span lang="ZH-CN" style="color: #333333; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: MingLiU; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">(</span></b><b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">4</span></b><b><span lang="ZH-CN" style="color: #333333; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: MingLiU; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">)怎样才能有两党制?</span></b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"> <br />
<br />
</span><span style="color: #333333; display: none; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-hide: all;">Firstly,
it is in dire need of the spirit of </span><span style="color: magenta; display: none; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-hide: all;">"non-partisan"</span><span style="color: #333333; display: none; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-hide: all;"> and </span><span style="color: magenta; display: none; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-hide: all;">"bi-partisan"</span><span style="color: #333333; display: none; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-hide: all;"> </span><span style="color: black; display: none; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-hide: all;">which is not
aligned to any party.</span><span style="color: #333333; display: none; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-hide: all;"> A "non-partisan" spirit is best option for
healthy political development.</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="color: #333333; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: MingLiU;">首先,两党制的精神必须建立在</span><span style="color: magenta; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">“</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="color: magenta; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: MingLiU;">非党派(</span><span style="color: magenta; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: MingLiU;">non-partisan<span lang="ZH-CN">)</span></span><span style="color: magenta; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">”</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="color: #333333; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: MingLiU;">和</span><span style="color: magenta; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">“</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="color: magenta; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: MingLiU;">双党派(</span><span style="color: magenta; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: MingLiU;">bi-partisan<span lang="ZH-CN">)</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><span style="color: magenta;">”</span><span lang="ZH-CN">的基础上,简单的说就是</span></span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="color: black; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: MingLiU;">不随便以党派的意愿为依归</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="color: #333333; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: MingLiU;">。</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="color: magenta; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: MingLiU;">“非党派”</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="color: #333333; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: MingLiU;">精神是健康的政治发展的主轴。</span><span style="color: #333333; display: none; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-hide: all;">Elected
representatives are free to support any motion and legislation that they think
best serves the interest of their community.</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="color: #333333; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: MingLiU;">代议士可以自由的支持他们认为最符合社会利益的任何议案和立法。</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="color: magenta; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: MingLiU;">“</span><span style="color: magenta; display: none; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-hide: all;">A bi-partisan spirit is where consensus and compromise are made
in order to accomodate the demands of both parties, again in the interest of
the people.</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="color: magenta; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: MingLiU;">双党派”</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="color: #333333; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: MingLiU;">是一项以人民利益为大前提,但通过共识和妥协来迎合双党的要求的精神。</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="color: #333333; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="color: #333333; display: none; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-hide: all;">There is however a tendency to put the party's interest on top of
the interest of the people and hence care must be taken to avoid this from
happening.</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="color: #333333; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: MingLiU;">然而,但它却可能会有<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">把党的利益放在人民之前</i>的倾向,因此必须小心避免这种情况发生。</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"> <br />
<br />
</span><span style="color: #333333; display: none; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-hide: all;">Our
political system in Malaysia has always been in a </span><span style="color: red; display: none; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-hide: all;">"partisan"</span><span style="color: #333333; display: none; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-hide: all;"> or
polarized/bias style where the opposition will always object to the ruling
party, and the ruling party will always object to the proposal of the
opposition.</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="color: #333333; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: MingLiU;">马来西亚的政治制度一直都</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: MingLiU;">处于</span><span style="color: red; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">“</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="color: red; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: MingLiU;">党派</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><span style="color: red;">”</span></span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="color: #333333; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: MingLiU;">或</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="color: red; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: MingLiU;">“极化</span><span style="color: red; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">/</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="color: red; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: MingLiU;">偏置”</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="color: #333333; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: MingLiU;">的形式,反对党始终都反对执政党的政策,而执政党始终都否决反对党的提议。</span><span style="color: #333333; display: none; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-hide: all;">This is
unhealthy as humans can sometimes err in their decisions.</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="color: #333333; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: MingLiU;">这是不健康的,因为人非圣、贤孰能无过。</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="color: #333333; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"> </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="color: #333333; display: none; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-hide: all;">就因为</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="color: #333333; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: MingLiU;">就因为这两极化的观点,错误的一方总是不愿意作出妥协,导致错误持续存</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="color: #333333; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: MingLiU;">在。与其看到</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="color: #333333; display: none; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-hide: all;">两党派</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="color: #333333; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: MingLiU;">党派耗尽所有时间搞对立,我衷心希望看到一个无党派和两党派的精神在我国政坛出现。</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="color: #333333; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="color: #333333; display: none; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-hide: all;">We all should support the right thing instead of merely
echoing the party's agenda.</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="color: #333333; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: MingLiU;">我们都应该</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="color: #333333; font-family: SimSun; mso-bidi-font-family: MingLiU; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt;">支持正确的事情</span></b><span lang="ZH-CN" style="color: #333333; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: MingLiU;">,而不是仅仅附和党的议程。</span><span style="color: #333333; display: none; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-hide: all;">The recent tabling of President
Obama's budget also saw the spirit of </span><span style="color: magenta; display: none; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-hide: all;">"bi-partisan"</span><span style="color: #333333; display: none; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-hide: all;"> being put
into effect when a consensus is reached between the Democrats and Republican.</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="color: #333333; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: MingLiU;">最近美国总统奥巴马提交的财政预算也见证了</span><span style="color: magenta; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">“</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="color: magenta; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: MingLiU;">双党派</span><span style="color: magenta; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">”</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="color: #333333; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: MingLiU;">精神付诸实施,民主党和共和党之间最终达成共识。</span><span style="color: #333333; display: none; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-hide: all;">If the Americans can do it, why can't
we?</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="color: #333333; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: MingLiU;">如果美国人能做到这一点,我们为什么不能呢?</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"> <br />
<br />
</span><span style="color: #333333; display: none; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-hide: all;">Contrary
to popular belief that race-based politics are hindrances to the development of
two party system, it is the </span><span style="color: red; display: none; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-hide: all;">"object for the sake of objecting"</span><span style="color: #333333; display: none; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-hide: all;"> mentality
that must stop in order to encourage two party system to flourish.</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="color: #333333; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: MingLiU;">民间一般认为以种族为基础的政治是两党制发展的障碍,其实不然。</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: MingLiU;">反而是</span><span style="color: red; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">“</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="color: red; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: MingLiU;">为了反对而反对</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><span style="color: red;">”</span></span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="color: #333333; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: MingLiU;">的心态必须停止,才能鼓励两党制的发展。</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="color: #333333; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="color: #333333; display: none; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-hide: all;">A two party system allows the opposition party to have strong
check and balance power but at the same time require them to exercise this
power with care.</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="color: #333333; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: MingLiU;">两党制能让反对党有强而有力的检查和制衡能力,但它同时也需要反对党谨慎行使这项权力。</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"> <br />
<br />
</span><span style="color: #333333; display: none; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-hide: all;">In
United States, race-based politics has been a staple of Democrats and their
liberal media cohorts under president Obama.</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="color: #333333; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: MingLiU;">在美国,</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="color: red; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: MingLiU;">族群政治</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="color: #333333; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: MingLiU;">一直是奥巴马总统所领导的民主党同僚以及自由派媒伙伴的主题。</span><span style="color: #333333; display: none; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-hide: all;">But why there seems to be no objection
in an advanced state with the most liberal political landscape when the race
card is played?</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="color: #333333; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: MingLiU;">但为何在这一个拥有高度自由政治气象的先进国,当种族牌被推出时,却没有任何反对声浪?</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="color: #333333; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="color: #333333; display: none; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-hide: all;">The answer is simple.</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="color: #333333; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: MingLiU;">答案很简单。</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="color: #333333; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"> </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="color: #333333; display: none; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-hide: all;">它</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="color: #333333; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: MingLiU;">它已被融合在</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="color: red; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: MingLiU;">各族群平等和公平的条款</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="color: #333333; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: MingLiU;">内。当然您</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="color: #333333; display: none; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-hide: all;">您</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="color: #333333; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: MingLiU;">不能阻止人们选出第一位黑人总统,否则将构成一种偏见或种族</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="color: #333333; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">歧视罪</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="color: #333333; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: MingLiU;">。</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="color: #333333; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="color: #333333; display: none; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-hide: all;">In essence, every race in this world have their right to be
treated fairly and equally and <i>as long as the races did not achieve equal
status, race-based politics will still be relevant</i> .</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="color: #333333; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: MingLiU;">从本质上来讲,世界上每一个族群都应拥有公平和</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="color: #333333; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: MingLiU; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">平等对待</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="color: #333333; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: MingLiU;">的权利</span><i><span lang="ZH-CN" style="color: #333333; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: MingLiU; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">,</span></i><span lang="ZH-CN" style="color: red; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: MingLiU; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">只要有某些族群没有达到同等的地位,那么族群政治还是有它存在的必要</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="color: #333333; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: MingLiU;">。</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="color: #333333; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><br />
<br />
</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="color: #333333; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">之前<span style="display: none; mso-hide: all;">之前</span></span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="color: #333333; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: MingLiU;">英语教数理(</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">PPSMI<span lang="ZH-CN">)</span></span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="color: #333333; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: MingLiU;">的问题,恰好是某些政党</span><span style="color: red; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">“</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="color: red; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: MingLiU;">为了反对而反对</span><span style="color: black; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">”<span lang="ZH-CN">最好的写照。</span></span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="color: black; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: MingLiU;">最初他们反对的</span><span style="color: black; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">PPSMI<span lang="ZH-CN">的</span></span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="color: black; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: MingLiU;">推行,一旦</span><span style="color: black; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">PPSMI<span lang="ZH-CN">被</span></span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="color: black; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: MingLiU;">取消时,他们却反对废除</span><span style="color: black; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: MingLiU;">PPSMI</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="color: #333333; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: MingLiU;">。</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="color: black; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: MingLiU;">政党</span><span style="color: black; display: none; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-hide: all;">Aren't
political parties supposed to have a stand?</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="color: black; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: MingLiU;">不是应该有一致的立场的</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="color: #333333; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: MingLiU;">吗?</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="color: #333333; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="color: black; display: none; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-hide: all;">How can the benefits of the people be represented when the
parties suddenly switch camp?</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="color: black; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: MingLiU;">当政党突然切换立场时,人民的利益该何去何从?</span><span style="color: black; display: none; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-hide: all;">This is a
classic example of " </span><span style="color: red; display: none; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-hide: all;">partisan"</span><span style="color: black; display: none; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-hide: all;"> , non-constructive style that we all should avoid at all costs.</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="color: black; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: MingLiU;">这就是典型的</span><span style="color: red; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">“</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="color: red; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: MingLiU;">党派</span><span style="color: red; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">”<span lang="ZH-CN">、</span></span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="color: black; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: MingLiU;">毫无建设性的</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">政治意识</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="color: black; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: MingLiU;">的最佳例子,也是我们应该竭尽所能去</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="color: #333333; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: MingLiU;">避免的。</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"> <br />
<br />
</span><b><span style="color: #333333; display: none; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-hide: all;">Conclusion</span></b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"> </span><b><span lang="ZH-CN" style="color: #333333; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: MingLiU; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">结论</span></b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"> <br />
<br />
</span><span style="color: #333333; display: none; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-hide: all;">Judging
from the current scenario in Malaysia, I would say we are still far away from
reaching two-party system.</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="color: #333333; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: MingLiU;">从目前马来西亚情况来看,我认为我们离开两党制的实现还有一段距离。实际上</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="color: #333333; display: none; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-hide: all;">实际上</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="color: #333333; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: MingLiU;">,当各族还未有平等的权利之时,我们其实也还没有逼切需要两党制。我国现有的民主模式虽有瑕疵但还是正常运作,所以我们没有必要把它推倒重来。</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="color: #333333; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="color: #333333; display: none; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-hide: all;">Why would we want to reinvent the wheels when we already have
it</span></div>张志辉 Steve Teohhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04985454428082038457noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2474916157988312330.post-11390699340643028422011-11-01T18:57:00.005+08:002011-11-06T03:53:03.509+08:00Are we ready for two-party system?<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;">A </span><span style="font-size: large;">two-party political system</span> is a system where two major political parties dominate voting in nearly all levels of elections for government. Under a two-party system, the dominant party who holds a majority in the legislature will form the government while the minority will form the opposition party. <br />
<br />
Recently there has been a growing pressure to push for two party system in Malaysia. Some proponents have gone to the extent of proposing the abolishment of race-based party to encourage the growth of two party system. They condemn race-based party as the culprit that prevents two party systems from flourishing, and said that the race-based parties are irrelevant in modern world.<br />
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Is two party system the only choice that we have? To answer this, we have to honestly answer the following questions:<br />
<br />
<strong> (1) Is two party system<span style="color: red;"> the only solution</span>?</strong><br />
There are many countries in the world that practices <span style="color: blue;"><strong>multiple</strong> <strong>party system</strong></span>, including developed nations, e.g. France, Germany, Italy, Canada, the Netherlands, Denmark, Sweden, Norway, Finland, New Zealand, Ireland, Taiwan, India, Indonesia, Israel, Mexico and Brazil. There are also countries that practices <span style="color: blue;"><strong>single/dominant party system</strong></span> such as People's Republic of China and Singapore. <span style="color: blue;">Two-party system is not the only working choice</span> as shown in the examples above. <br />
<br />
<strong> (2) Are there any advantages or disadvantages of two party system that we are unaware of?</strong><br />
<br />
The advantages of two-party systems are:<br />
i) Two-party systems promote centrism and encourages political parties to find common positions which appeal to <span style="color: blue;">wide swaths of the electorate</span>. It can lead to political stability which leads, in turn, to economic growth. <br />
ii) two-party systems are<span style="color: blue;"> simpler to govern</span>, with less factiousness and harmony, while multi-party systems can sometimes lead to <em>hung parliaments.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-twsNovGh33_13-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-party_system#cite_note-twsNovGh33-13"></a></sup></em><br />
<br />
The disadvantages are:<br />
i) Two-party systems <span style="color: red;">fail to provide enough options</span> since only two choices are permitted on the ballot (<em>The Tyranny of the Two–party system</em>, Lisa Jane Disch 2002).<br />
ii) The winner-take-all mechanism <span style="color: red;">discourages independent or third-party candidates</span> from running for office or promulgating their views ("<em>The Electoral College Explained"</em> in <em>Time Magazine</em>, Kristina Dell, Nov 2001).<br />
iii) The American two-party system is <span style="color: purple;"><span style="color: red;">not as representative</span> </span>as the parliamentary system as the latter is inherently much more open to minority parties getting much better representation than third parties. It is also interesting to note that majority of democracies around the world have chosen the British multi-party model (<em>"Exceptional Democracy"</em> in <em>Huffington Post</em>, Chris Weigant, April 7, 2010).<br />
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<strong> (3) Can two party system be implemented in our local political landscape?</strong><br />
<br />
To address this question, we must look at a) historical foundation and b) current development:<br />
<br />
<u>a) Historical foundation</u><br />
<br />
Historically our parliamentary system is based on the <strong>British multi-party model</strong>. Despite the difference, the <span style="color: magenta;">"winner-takes-all"</span> system in our country is very similar to the United States and is seen as a catalyst to two-party system. Consequently, as in all "winner-takes-all" system, the weaker parties are pressured to form an alliance or fusion to challenge a large dominant party and gain political clout in the legislature. <br />
<br />
<u>b) Current development</u><br />
<br />
In the context of Malaysia, a fusion is nearly impossible judging from the fact that both BN and PR components are formed from the various political parties with different background, ideologies, objectives and "religion" (probably the only odd one in this world). It is very difficult to find an absolute consensus and hence the alliance is formed on a <span style="color: red;">weakly agreed terms</span>. Not surprisingly many parties and people broke off from the alliance once a deadlock in the grey area was met. To facilitate fusion, the parties must go through many rounds of evolution and assimilation, including compromise on their core beliefs in order to reach a formidable consensus. It is not likely going to happen in the near future unless everyone is willing to compromise! The current two coalition systems between BN and PR has seen many alliance and parting from its members. Despite the problems, it is probably the best form of alliance system as they are formed with a breath of representations from all walks of life.<br />
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<strong> (4) What does it take to have two-party system?</strong><br />
<br />
Firstly, it is in dire need of the spirit of <span style="color: magenta;">"non-partisan"</span> and <span style="color: magenta;">"bi-partisan" </span><span style="color: black;">which is not aligned to any party. </span>A "non-partisan" spirit is best option for healthy political development. Elected representatives are free to support any motion and legislation that they think best serves the interest of their community. A bi-partisan spirit is where consensus and compromise are made in order to accommodate the demands of both parties, again in the interest of the people. There is however a tendency to put the party's interest on top of the interest of the people and hence care must be taken to avoid this from happening. <br />
<br />
Our political system in Malaysia has always been in a <span style="color: red;">"partisan"</span> or polarized/bias style where the opposition will always object to the ruling party, and the ruling party will always object to the proposal of the opposition. This is unhealthy as humans can sometimes err in their decisions. Because of the polarized view, the erred party is not willing to compromise and the error persists. Instead of being partisan all the time, I would sincerely hoped to see a non-partisan and bi-partisan approach in local political scenario. We all should support the right thing instead of merely echoing the party's agenda. The recent tabling of President Obama's budget also saw the spirit of <span style="color: magenta;">"bi-partisan"</span> being put into effect when a consensus is reached between the Democrats and Republican. If the Americans can do it, why can't we?<br />
<br />
Contrary to popular belief that race-based politics are hindrances to the development of two party system, it is the <span style="color: red;">"object for the sake of objecting"</span> mentality that must stop in order to encourage two party system to flourish. A two party system allows the opposition party to have strong check and balance power but at the same time require them to exercise this power with care. <br />
<br />
In United States, race-based politics has been a staple of Democrats and their liberal media cohorts under president Obama. But why there seems to be no objection in an advanced state with the most liberal political landscape when the race card is played? The answer is simple. It is well incorporated into their agenda with due respect to every race in terms of equality and fairness. Ultimately you cannot stop people from having the first black president as that will constitute a bias or racial discrimination. In essence, every race in this world have their right to be treated fairly and equally and <em>as long as the races did not achieve equal status, race-based politics will still be relevant</em>.<br />
<br />
In Malaysia, the recent issue of PPSMI is a good example of how political parties with <span style="color: red;">"object for the sake of objecting"</span><span style="color: black;"> approach the issue. They objected to the introduction of PPSMI but when PPSMI is abolished, they now object to the abolishment. Aren't political parties supposed to have a stand? How can the benefits of the people be represented when the parties suddenly switch camp? This is a classic example of "<span style="color: red;">partisan"</span><span style="color: black;">, </span>non-constructive style that we all should avoid at all costs.</span><br />
<br />
<strong>Conclusion</strong><br />
<br />
Judging from the current scenario in Malaysia, I would say we are still far away from reaching two-party system. In fact, there is no actual need for two-party system as the current democracy model is working fine in Malaysia. Why would we want to reinvent the wheels when we already have it? <br />
<br />
<strong>By Steve Teoh Chee Hooi</strong>张志辉 Steve Teohhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04985454428082038457noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2474916157988312330.post-42790760736887393202011-10-27T12:38:00.000+08:002011-11-01T10:46:24.529+08:00High time to revamp the government and some GLC's procurement and tendering process<span style="font-family: Consolas;">The recent report by the auditor general showed that the country's procurement processes contained some severe flaws. The fact that many of the irregularities and over budget appeared on government's capital expenditure warrants a complete and serious review of the overall service delivery process. Having worked in procurement department before, I would like to share some thoughts on the drawbacks of the tender process and ways to improve the delivery process.</span><br />
<br />
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Consolas;">Overall in Malaysia, the tender process can be divided into at least 3 types - direct negotiation, closed tender and open tender. Each type of tender is initiated based on the job scope, cost and complexity of the project. </span></div>
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<div class="MsoPlainText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Consolas;">A. Direct negotiation process<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<div class="MsoPlainText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Consolas;">The direct negotiation process is one of the key area that requires a complete revamp. By right, the <span style="color: red;">direct negotiation process is only initiated when</span> <span style="color: red;">the required works can only be supplied by a sole or distinctive company</span> but somehow, there are cases where a local company is taken as a main supplier whose job is only as a liaison between the principal and tender board. Because of that, the tender becomes more expensive as it goes through a middleman layer and the service level again is double charged by the local company without providing any form of support. This is undesirable.</span></div>
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<div class="MsoPlainText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Consolas;">B. Closed tender<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<div class="MsoPlainText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Consolas;">Close Tender invitation is offered to specific tender companies who were pre-determined based on capability, technical and financial strength. This category of tender companies should be vetted carefully based on track record but <span style="color: red;">since</span> <span style="color: red;">there is no transparency, some companies are inadvertently favoured over the rest</span> and hence benefitted a great deal from this system. It is also not very competitive judging from the fact that the selected few company may put a higher price than normal and by the end of the day still be selected for the contract. </span></div>
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<div class="MsoPlainText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Consolas;">C. Open Tender<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<div class="MsoPlainText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Consolas;">Open tender is the preferred system in many countries. In open tender, the bidding process is open to all qualified bidders, the sealed bids are opened in public for scrutiny and bids are chosen on the basis of price and quality. This will ensure competitiveness and best price over performance for the awarding body.</span></div>
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<div class="MsoPlainText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Consolas;">One of the cynic on the current system is there is not enough transparencies in the tendering process, especially in the direct negotiation and closed tender categories. I strongly believe the tenders be it closed or open, should be open for public scrutiny to ensure that there is no foul play.</span></div>
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<div class="MsoPlainText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Consolas;">My suggestions for improvements are as follows:</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Consolas; mso-fareast-font-family: Consolas;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font-family: Consolas;">1)</span><span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Consolas;">Continuous tender monitoring for non-conformance<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Consolas;">Overall, <span style="color: red;">the entire tender process should be monitored by an independent body for breach of terms and conditions</span> such as non-compliance, soaring prices, variation orders (VO), delay in delivery etc. In many instances there is a strict time to delivery after a tender is floated. Tender committees are sometimes forced to make unfavourable decisions; for example, to select the cheapest offer from the tender company which may still be way beyond the market price or to select items from vendor whose specifications are less than the stipulated requirements. In actual fact, the <span style="color: red;">non-conforming tenders should be refloated until the prices or specifications are compliant with the stipulated budget and specifications</span>. It is alarming that some of the departments have even go to the extent of asking for more funding directly from the ministry of finance or the respective finance department for more funds so that the tender can proceed. This is ethically and fundamentally wrong!</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Consolas;">To overcome these problems - <span style="color: red;">a special review committee must be formed to take over the task from the tender select committee and review the tendering process whenever there is a breach of terms and conditions</span>. They should be empowered to overrule or reject the decisions made by the tender select committee. The scope includes termination of tender, suspension of tender pending compliance, refloating of tender, and revised of capital expenditure (CAPEX) budget. It should be noted however that this empowerment does not cover reselection or endorsement of vendor to ensure neutrality of the review committee. </span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Consolas; mso-fareast-font-family: Consolas;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font-family: Consolas;">2)</span><span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Consolas;">Revise the vendor certification process<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Consolas;">One of the major drawbacks of the procurement process is that the vendor certification process. Many tenders are only open to registered vendors, which are supposed to be vetted by ministry of finance or the respective finance division. The ministry or respective finance department is supposed to vet through the track record, financial strength and capabilities of the companies, but somehow in the process, <span style="color: red;">many under qualified vendors are approved to take on jobs that they do not have expertise in</span>. To overcome this problem, one of the entry criteria may be to ensure that the companies are registered members of the relevant professional bodies. To ensure conformity and qualification, the <span style="color: red;">certification process should be removed and replaced with a point scoring questionnaire of track record</span> relevant to the tender expertise sought. Only vendors who have scored well in the track record questionnaire may be allowed to take on relevant jobs. The same thing can be done for financial strength to ensure that the selected vendor are financially sound for the project.</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Consolas; mso-fareast-font-family: Consolas;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font-family: Consolas;">3)</span><span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Consolas;">Purchase strictly through the principal company without any intermediaries<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Consolas;"><span style="color: red;">If there is an item that can only be bought from a principal company abroad,</span> <span style="color: red;">the</span> <span style="color: red;">preference of purchasing should be to the</span> <span style="color: red;">principal and not to a local company</span>. <span style="color: red;">The support however, must come from an establish local entity to ensure swift response</span>. Often, this criteria is the one that invites problems. To alleviate the problem, purchasing shall only be made directly to the principal subject to the following criteria:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Consolas;">Principal companies without a local presence should either set up a local subsidiary company or nominate a local support partner before the deal is made. This is to ensure that the level of support will be on par with the principal’s specification. The local maintenance and support contract can be terminated if the service does not conform to the approved service level agreement (SLA).</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Consolas;">The principal undertake to provide support should the local subsidiary or appointed local support partner fails to deliver the service as stipulated in the SLA.</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Consolas; mso-fareast-font-family: Consolas;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font-family: Consolas;">4)</span><span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Consolas;">Abolish Closed Tenders<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Consolas;">Closed tenders are anti-competition as it is awarded only to an exclusive group of tender companies. It may also encourage favouritism and hence is not a good system to be used nowadays. In a global competitive world, exclusivity is counterproductive and should be avoided at all costs. As such, <span style="color: red;">closed tenders are no longer a viable choice compared with open tenders</span>. Although the selection process of open tenders can be slightly longer, the benefits of getting the best price over performance from the tender greatly outweighs the complaints of a slow vetting process.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Consolas;">With full transparency in the tender process and the mechanisms mentioned above, the tender process will become more competitive and problems like over budget and corruption can be reduced to a minimum.</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Consolas;">Steve Teoh Chee Hooi<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>张志辉 Steve Teohhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04985454428082038457noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2474916157988312330.post-62178300952763846132011-08-23T18:13:00.000+08:002011-08-27T02:01:14.004+08:00我国真的会破产吗?<br />
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<div class="MsoPlainText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="color: black; font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-themecolor: text1;">最近时常看到一些言论说国家将面临破产等等的舆论,尤其最为人啼笑皆非的是一篇推测国家将会有债务违约,更振振有词拿了一些数据出来作证,但遗憾的这些证据居然没有引述来源。</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">我觉得有必要去纠正这些错误的看法。首先先让我们来看看经济的衡量方法。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><br />
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<div class="MsoPlainText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">A</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">)基本概念</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div><br />
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">一个国家的经济发展需要看好几个指数:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><br />
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">1. </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">国内生产总值(</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Gross Domestic Product,</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">简称</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">GDP</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">)</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">- </span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">生产概念</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div><br />
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">国内生产总值是按市场价格计算的一个国家(或地区)所有<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #0070c0;">常住单位</span></b></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #0070c0; font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">*</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">在一定时间内生产活动的最终成果,是全部最终产品和劳务的价值总额。 </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><br />
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<div class="MsoPlainText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">国内生产总值始终强调是生产的概念,生产就是劳动者利用劳动手段转换或消耗货物和服务的投入,创造货物和服务产出的过程。日常经济活动中其实也涉及许多非生产性交易,即与当期生产无关的转移支付,这些都<span style="color: red;">不应计入</span>当期的国内生产总值</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> - </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">如买卖股票、政府的转移支付(例:援助金)、私人之间的转移支付(例:捐赠)等。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><br />
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<div class="MsoPlainText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">简单的来说:国内生产总值是指一定时间内所生产的商品与劳务的总量乘以“货币价格”或“市价”而得到的数字。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><br />
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<div class="MsoPlainText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">一般而言,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">GDP</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">公布的形式不外乎两种,以<u>总额</u>和<u>百分比率</u>为计算单位。当</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">GDP</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">的增长数字处于正数时,即显示该地区经济处于扩张阶段;反之,如果处于负数,即表示该地区的经济进入衰退时期了。使用国内生产总值这个指标时,还必须通过</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">GDP</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">缩减指数,对名义国内生产总值做出调整,从而精确地反映产出的实际变动。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><br />
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">因此,一个季度</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">GDP</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">缩减指数的增加,便足以表明当季的通货膨胀状况。如果</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">GDP</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">缩减指数大幅度地增加,便会对经济产生负面影响,同时也是货币供给紧缩、利率上升、进而外汇汇率上升的先兆。一个国家或地区的经济究竟处于增长抑或衰退阶段,从这个数字的变化便可以观察到。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><br />
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<div class="MsoPlainText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">一国的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">GDP</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">大幅<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #00b050;">增长</span></b>,反映出该国经济发展蓬勃,国民收入增加,消费能力也随之增强。在这种情况下,该国中央银行将有可能提高利率,紧缩货币供应,国家经济表现良好及利率的上升会增加该国货币的吸引力。反过来说,如果一国的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">GDP</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">出现<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: red;">负增长</span></b>,显示该国经济处于衰退状态,消费能力减低。这时,该国中央银行将可能减息以刺激经济再度增长,利率下降加上经济表现不振,该国货币的吸引力也就随之降低了。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><br />
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<div class="MsoPlainText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">GDP</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">虽然不是绝对性的衡量,但它的确能够表示社会财富的增加,目前还找不到可替代的更好概念。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><br />
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<div class="MsoPlainText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">GDP</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">的计算法如下:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><br />
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">国内生产总值(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">GDP</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> = </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">消费(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">CA</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> + </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">私人投资(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">I</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> + </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">政府支出(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">CB</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> + </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">净出口额(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">X - M</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><br />
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<div class="MsoPlainText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #0070c0; font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">*</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="color: #0070c0; font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">常住单位是指一个经济单位(国内企业、外资公司等)在一国经济领土上具有经济利益中心,则称之为该国的常住单位。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #0070c0; font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><br />
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<div class="MsoPlainText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">2</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">.国民生产总值(</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Gross National Product</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">,简称</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">GNP</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">)</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">- </span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">收入概念</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> <o:p></o:p></span></b></div><br />
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">国民生产总值又称为国民总产值,是指一个国家在一定时间内所生产的最终产品(包括产品和劳务)的市场价值的总和。一国常住单位从事生产活动所创造的增加值在初次分配中主要分配给该国的常住单位,但也有一部分以生产税及进口税、劳动者报酬和财产收入等形式分配给非常住单位;同时,国外生产所创造的增加值也有一部分以生产税及进口税</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">(</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">扣除生产和进口补贴</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">)</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">、劳动者报酬和财产收入等形式分配给该国的常住单位,从而产生了国民总收入的概念。它等于国内生产总值加上来自国外的净要素收入。与国内生产总值不同,国民总收入是个收入概念,而国内生产总值是个生产概念。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><br />
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<div class="MsoPlainText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">国民生产总值(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">GNP</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">)和国内生产总值(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">GDP</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">)的不同在于二者计算依据的准则不同,前者是按“国民原则”计算,后者则是按“国土原则”计算的。也即,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">GNP</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">是一国居民所拥有的劳动和资本所生产的总产出量,而</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">GDP</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">则是一国境内的劳动和资本所生产的总产出量。现在大多数的经济体制都选择用</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">GDP</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">为衡量指数。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><br />
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<div class="MsoPlainText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">国内生产总值(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">GDP</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> = </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">国民生产总值(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">GNP</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">— </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">本国公民在国外生产的最终产品的价值总和</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> + </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">外国公民在本国生产的最终产品的价值总和。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><br />
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<div class="MsoPlainText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">3</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">.消费物价指数</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Consumer Price Index (CPI) </span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">和生产者价格指数</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> Producer Price Index (PPI) <o:p></o:p></span></b></div><br />
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">消费物价指数英文缩写为</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">CPI</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">,是根据与居民生活有关的产品及劳务价格统计出来的物价变动指标,通常作为观察通货膨胀水平的重要指标。如果消费者物价指数升幅过大,表明通胀已经成为经济不稳定因素,央行会有紧缩货币政策和财政政策的风险,从而造成经济前景不明朗。因此,该指数过高的升幅往往不被市场欢迎。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><br />
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<div class="MsoPlainText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">生产者物价指数(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Producer Price Index, PPI</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">)与</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">CPI</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">不同,主要的目的是衡量企业购买的一篮子物品和劳务的总费用。由于企业最终要把它们的费用以更高的消费价格的形式转移给消费者,所以,通常认为生产物价指数的变动对预测消费物价指数的变动是有用的。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><br />
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<div class="MsoPlainText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">4</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">.</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Foreign Currency Reserve</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">外汇储备金</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div><br />
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">外汇储备(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Foreign Exchange Reserve</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">),又称为外汇存底,指一国政府所持有的国际储备资产中的外汇部分,即一国政府保有的以外币表示的债权 。是一个国家货币当局持有并可以随时兑换外国货币的资产。狭义而言,外汇储备是一个国家经济实力的重要组成部分,是一国用于平衡国际收支,稳定汇率,偿还对外债务的外汇积累。广义而言,外汇储备是指以外汇计价的资产,包括现钞、国外银行存款、国外有价证券等。外汇储备是一个国家国际清偿力的重要组成部分,同时对于平衡国际收支、稳定汇率有重要的影响。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><br />
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<div class="MsoPlainText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">5</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">.国际收支</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">balance of payments</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">以及国债 </span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Public Debt</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><br />
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">国际收支分为狭义的国际收支和广义的国际收支。国际收支逆差狭义的国际收支指一国在一定时期(常为</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">1</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">年)内对外收入和支出的总额。广义的国际收支不仅包括外汇收支,还包括一定时期的经济交易。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><br />
</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">1</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">)国际收支是一个流量概念。 </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><br />
</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">2</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">)所反映的内容是经济交易,包括:商品和劳务的买卖、物物交换、金融资产之间的交换、无偿的单向商品和劳务的转移、无偿的单向金融资产的转移。 </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><br />
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">3</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">)记载的经济交易是居民与非居民之间发生的。 </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><br />
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(4) </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">国际收支既有私人部门交往的内容,也有政府部门交往的内容;既有基于经济目的而产生的各种交易,也包括因非经济动机而产生的交易。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><br />
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<div class="MsoPlainText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">国债(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Public Debt</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">)指的是政府的借贷债务,而外债(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">external debt</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">)则是私人界加政府的借贷债务</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">,</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">国债是最适合用来衡量政府的信用及借贷的顶限的工具。它是以一个国家的借贷减去已经偿还的数额,以该国的货币为基本单位来计算。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><br />
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<div class="MsoPlainText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">B</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">)马来西亚的指数</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div><br />
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<div class="MsoPlainText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: SimHei;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.</span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">国内生产总值</span></u></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> GDP</span></u></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><br />
</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">马来西亚国内生产总值在过去</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">10</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">年内经历过无数次的起落,其中绝大部分都是受国际经济状况的影响,如</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">1998</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">年金融风暴、</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">2008</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">年全球金融危机等所影响。即使如此,马来西亚的国内生产总值还是有办法复苏,如在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">1999-2000</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">2002-2007</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">2010-2011</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">的回弹 (参考附录1)。大马</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">2010</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">年的国内生产总值是</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">23</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho";">7.8</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">亿美元,比起</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">2008-2009</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">年的还高出许多。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><br />
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<div class="MsoPlainText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="background: lime; font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-highlight: lime;">国内生产总值(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="background: lime; font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-highlight: lime;">GDP</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="background: lime; font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-highlight: lime;">)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="background: lime; font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-highlight: lime;"> = </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="background: lime; font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-highlight: lime;">消费(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="background: lime; font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-highlight: lime;">CA</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="background: lime; font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-highlight: lime;">)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="background: lime; font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-highlight: lime;"> + </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="background: lime; font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-highlight: lime;">私人投资(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="background: lime; font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-highlight: lime;">I</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="background: lime; font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-highlight: lime;">)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="background: lime; font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-highlight: lime;"> + </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="background: lime; font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-highlight: lime;">政府支出(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="background: lime; font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-highlight: lime;">CB</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="background: lime; font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-highlight: lime;">)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="background: lime; font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-highlight: lime;"> + </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="background: lime; font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-highlight: lime;">净出口额(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="background: lime; font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-highlight: lime;">X - M</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="background: lime; font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-highlight: lime;">)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><br />
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<div class="MsoPlainText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">根据国内生产总值的方程式,我们可以看到几个提高国内生产总值的方法:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><br />
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 54pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: SimHei;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)</span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">私人投资的提升</span></b><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">- </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">这有赖于我国(本地及外资)的投资政策,以及各省份招徕投资者的努力。在这全球化的时代里,我们必须比其他国度更有投资吸引力,因此中央政府及各州政府应当紧密合作,设法吸引外资前来。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><br />
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 54pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: SimHei;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)</span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: SimHei; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: SimHei;">提高</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">政府支出</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">- </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">无可否认政府开支有助于提高</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">GDP</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">。但是这种经济刺激举措不宜一直持续不断,因为这样我国的债务会逐渐提高。我国政府开支有一大部分是消费市场的津贴,包括日常必需品、统制品、石油、天然气等,单单石油及天然气的津贴的总数就高达每年</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">5</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">亿令吉,这笔庞大的数目更因为国际原油的大幅度飙升而受到影响。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">*<o:p></o:p></span></div><br />
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 54pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: SimHei;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3)</span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">提高消费市场</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">- </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">我国的消费市场虽然有成长,但是一些管制品却因为津贴而无法真正反映出消费能力的提升,这些消费指数的提高是因为价格飙升所造成的。例:一些商家及小贩会乘任何统制品价格上涨(如石油、面粉甚至任何不相关的津贴减少)而肆意涨价,一旦飙升过后,即使统制品价格调低,他们所卖出的价格依然保持不变!由此可见管制品</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">/(</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">津贴</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">)</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">价格的浮动反而造成商家有借口持续起价,现有的市场已经无法反映真正的价格了。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">*<o:p></o:p></span></div><br />
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 54pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: SimHei;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4)</span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">净出口额的提升</span></b><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">–</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">我国主要收入来自出口业,我国</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">2010</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">年出口总值是</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">210.3 </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">亿,排名世界第</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">2</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">1(参考附录5),远比</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">2009</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">年的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">157.5</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">亿更高。我国</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">2010</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">年的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">GDP</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">提升的主要原因就是因为出口的增加。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><br />
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<div class="MsoPlainText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">* </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">津贴其实间接的对整个市场起了一种笼罩的作用,让人看不清真实的产品价格。广泛的津贴会造就滥用及浪费,因此逐步的取消津贴是势在必行的。唯在执行时,我们必须考量人民的生活起居,尽量的从非主要津贴及不合理合约开始削减,尤其是宗教、独立发电厂、收费站等。管制品及日常所需的津贴应该以最慢的速度降低。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><br />
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<div class="MsoPlainText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: SimHei;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.</span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span lang="ZH-CN" style="color: red; font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">国民生产总值</span></u></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> GNP</span></u></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><br />
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">根据世界银行最新</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">2010</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">年的统计,我国的国民生产总值</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">220.417</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">亿美元(排名</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">38</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">),比新加坡的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">210.323</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">亿美元更高一级(排名</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">39</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">)。但是在人均收入却只有</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">7,900</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">美元(排名</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">79</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">),比起新加坡的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">40</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">920</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">美元(排名</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">29</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">)。这意味着国家虽然生产力提高了,但是因为人口比率的相差,我国的财富以人均收入来计算就显得力不从心,如果要获得像新加坡的成就,马来西亚的国民生产总值就必需提高</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">5</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">倍</span></b><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">到</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">1100</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">亿美元,这是仅次于俄罗斯(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">1,404</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">亿美元,排名</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">12</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">)的国民生产总值,数目还比韩国(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">972</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">亿美元)及澳洲(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">956</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">亿美元)的国民生产总值更高。(参考附录</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">2</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><br />
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<div class="MsoPlainText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: SimHei;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.</span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">消费物价指数</span></u></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Consumer Price Index (CPI) </span></u></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">和生产者价格指数</span></u></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> Producer Price Index (PPI)</span></u></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><br />
</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">我国的消费物价指数于</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">2008</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">年</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">7</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">月经历了一场剧变,攀升到有史以来最高的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">8.5%</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">后,又于</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">2009</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">年</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">7</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">月经历了空前的最低点</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">-2.4%</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">,在短短一年之内我国成功摆脱严重的通货膨胀。我国从</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">2009-2010</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">年都保持着稳健的通货膨胀率,至于</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">2011</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">年</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">7</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">月的消费物价指数介于</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">3.40</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">之间。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><br />
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<div class="MsoPlainText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">我国</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">2011</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">年</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">6</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">月的生产者价格指数提高了</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">0.6%</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">,比同年五月的指数</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">0.7%</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">低。指数提高主要的原因是几个主要的行业成本提高</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> - </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">矿业</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">(+2.7%), </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">电、天然气及水供</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">(+0.6%). </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">渔业</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">(+0.5%), </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">制造业</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">(+0.5%). </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">值得一提的是农业的成本却降低了(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">-1.7%</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">)。(参考附录</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">3</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><br />
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<div class="MsoPlainText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">通过以上的指数,我们可以预测国内一些消费物价将会逐步的提高,但不是所有领域都会被影响,因此它不足于激起连锁反应。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><br />
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<div class="MsoPlainText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: SimHei;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.</span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Foreign Currency Reserve</span></u></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">外汇储备金</span></u></b><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></div><br />
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">我国自1998年金融风暴后,国家银行已采取了几项值得我们赞扬的措施:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">1</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">)提高马来西亚的储本金额。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">2</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">)管制马币的交易</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><br />
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">这两项措施自</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">1998</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">年金融风暴至今已经实施了十多年,绝大部分的人都不晓得国家的资金有一大部分已经拿来做储备金,以防金融危机。我国的外汇储备截至</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">2011</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">年</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">3</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">月已存了有史以来的新高</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> - 132.750 </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">亿美元。我国中央银行推算出即使马来西亚没有出口,外汇储备的数额足够支持</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">9.3</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">个月持续入口,它相等于</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">5</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">倍短期性外债。比起以前,我国的确采取比较保守谨慎的方式来料理财务,这是值得赞赏的。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div><br />
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">[</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">来源:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">International Monetary Fund. 7 July 2011 <a href="http://www.imf.org/external/np/sta/ir/IRProcessWeb/data/mys/eng/curmys.htm"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Times New Roman;">http://www.imf.org/external/np/sta/ir/IRProcessWeb/data/mys/eng/curmys.htm</span></a>]<o:p></o:p></span></div><br />
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<div class="MsoPlainText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="background: yellow; font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-highlight: yellow;">国家开支其实不等同于国家负债,它可以是在应用国家现有的收益来消费,一些作者直接就把开支当成是国债,这是不对的。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><br />
</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">第二点:国债多不代表国家会破产,同样的借贷多得商人未必会破产。打个比方,信用好的商家有能力从借贷中集资打市场,甚至可以是生意量的100%以上,因为他绝对可以让人相信他有能力做生意偿还债务。银行也会毫不犹豫的借贷给他。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><br />
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<div class="MsoPlainText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">以国家为例子:新加坡的国债比我国还多,高达</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">102.4%</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">(第</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">9</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">高,参考附录4)。但是新加坡绝对不会破产,因为它的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">GDP</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">是</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">14.5%</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">(排名第3,还超越台湾、中国、印度),2010年出口总额是</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">351.2 </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">亿(第13名,参考附录5),许多国际银行都很乐意借贷给新加坡。由此可见,国债不是唯一的考量因素。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><br />
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">马来西亚的国债是</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">55,1%</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">(第</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">49</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">高,参考附录4)。马来西亚肯定也不会破产,因为我国的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">GDP</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">成长率是</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">7.2%</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">2010</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">年出口总值是</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">210.3 </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">亿(还比印度多,参考附录5及附录6)。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><br />
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<div class="MsoPlainText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: SimHei;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.</span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">国际收支</span></u></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">balance of payments</span></u></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">以及国债</span></u></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> Public Debt</span></u></b><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></div><br />
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">虽然我国的国债对国内生产总值的比率从</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">2008</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">年底的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">41.4%</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">上升至</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">2010</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">年的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">53.2%</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">,但这不至于构成威胁,因为我国的国债大部分是国内债务,而且短期债务也不多。我国政府也承诺整顿中期财政,再加上我国相等于</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">5</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">倍短期性外债的庞大的外汇储备。因此我们可以推断债务还处于可控制的情况。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><br />
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">[</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">来源:亚洲发展银行 </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><a href="http://www.adb.org/documents/books/ado/2010/update/ado2010-update-mal.pdf"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Times New Roman;">http://www.adb.org/documents/books/ado/2010/update/ado2010-update-mal.pdf</span></a>]<o:p></o:p></span></div><br />
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<div class="MsoPlainText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">对于那些口口声声说国家会破产的人,他们的言论其实具有误导性。<span style="background: yellow; mso-highlight: yellow;">一个国家即使没有能力偿还债务,它其实也不会突然破产并停止为人民服务</span>。面对债务危机的政府可以选择重组债务</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> - </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">大幅度减低政府开支、提高税务、提高国家生产能力、或者向</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">IMF</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">借贷进行救市计划。当然这些计划都有它的利与弊,减低政府的开支,逐步减少津贴,减少浪费资源才是首选。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><br />
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<div class="MsoPlainText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">马来西亚的净出口额虽然有起落,但是从未变成负值,除了</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">2009</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">年市场危机时跌至</span><span style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">157.5<span lang="ZH-CN">亿以外,</span></span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">我国的出口总值在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">2000-2011</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">年间不断的提高 (参考附录6)。政府的开支虽然庞大,但是它还不比国家储备金及生产总值高, 如果说我国将面临破产,那是言过其实了。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><br />
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<div class="MsoPlainText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">附录1:马来西亚国内生产总值 </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">G DP of Malaysia<o:p></o:p></span></div><br />
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="mso-cellspacing: 0cm; mso-padding-alt: 2.25pt 2.25pt 2.25pt 2.25pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;"><tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: inset inset inset none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt 0px; mso-border-bottom-alt: inset windowtext .75pt; mso-border-right-alt: inset windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: inset windowtext .75pt; padding: 2.25pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Country<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td style="background-color: transparent; border: rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 2.25pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">1999<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td style="background-color: transparent; border: rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 2.25pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">2000<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td style="background-color: transparent; border: rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 2.25pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">2001<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td style="background-color: transparent; border: rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 2.25pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">2002<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td style="background-color: transparent; border: rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 2.25pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">2003<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td style="background-color: transparent; border: rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 2.25pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">2004<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td style="background-color: transparent; border: rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 2.25pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">2005<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td style="background-color: transparent; border: rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 2.25pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">2006<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td style="background-color: transparent; border: rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 2.25pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">2007<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td style="background-color: transparent; border: rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 2.25pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">2008<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td style="background-color: transparent; border: rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 2.25pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">2009<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: inset none inset inset; border-width: 1pt 0px 1pt 1pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: inset windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: inset windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: inset windowtext .75pt; padding: 2.25pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">2010<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: inset inset inset none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt 0px; mso-border-bottom-alt: inset windowtext .75pt; mso-border-right-alt: inset windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: inset windowtext .75pt; padding: 2.25pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><a href="http://www.indexmundi.com/malaysia/gdp_real_growth_rate.html"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Malaysia</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="background-color: transparent; border: rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 2.25pt;"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: right;"><span style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">5<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="background-color: transparent; border: rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 2.25pt;"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: right;"><span style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">8.6<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="background-color: transparent; border: rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 2.25pt;"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: right;"><span style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">0.3<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="background-color: transparent; border: rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 2.25pt;"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: right;"><span style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">4.2<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="background-color: transparent; border: rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 2.25pt;"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: right;"><span style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">5.2<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="background-color: transparent; border: rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 2.25pt;"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: right;"><span style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">7.1<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="background-color: transparent; border: rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 2.25pt;"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: right;"><span style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">5.2<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="background-color: transparent; border: rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 2.25pt;"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: right;"><span style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">5.9<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="background-color: transparent; border: rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 2.25pt;"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: right;"><span style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">6.3<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="background-color: transparent; border: rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 2.25pt;"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: right;"><span style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">4.6<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="background-color: transparent; border: rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 2.25pt;"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: right;"><span style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">-1.7<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: inset none inset inset; border-width: 1pt 0px 1pt 1pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: inset windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: inset windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: inset windowtext .75pt; padding: 2.25pt;"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: right;"><span style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">7.2<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
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<div class="MsoPlainText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">马来西亚国内生产总值 </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">– </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">真实成长率</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Malaysia GDP – Real Growth Rate<o:p></o:p></span></div><br />
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><a href="http://www.indexmundi.com/malaysia/gdp_real_growth_rate.html"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Times New Roman;">http://www.indexmundi.com/malaysia/gdp_real_growth_rate.html</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div><br />
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<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"> <td style="background: whitesmoke; border: 1pt solid gray; mso-border-alt: solid gray .75pt; padding: 2.25pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 12pt 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Year<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td style="background: whitesmoke; border-color: gray gray gray rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt 0px; mso-border-alt: solid gray .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid gray .75pt; padding: 2.25pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 12pt 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;"><b><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">(GDP)</span></b><b><span style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Gross domestic product, constant prices<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td style="background: whitesmoke; border-color: gray gray gray rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt 0px; mso-border-alt: solid gray .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid gray .75pt; padding: 2.25pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 12pt 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Percent Change<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> </tr>
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<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;"> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) gray gray; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt; mso-border-alt: solid gray .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid gray .75pt; padding: 2.25pt;"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 12pt 0cm 0pt; text-align: right;"><span style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">1980<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: gray gray gray rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt 0px; mso-border-alt: solid gray .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid gray .75pt; padding: 2.25pt;"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 12pt 0cm 0pt; text-align: right;"><span style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">7.444<span style="background: lime; mso-highlight: lime;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div></td> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: gray gray gray rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt 0px; mso-border-alt: solid gray .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid gray .75pt; padding: 2.25pt;"></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;"> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) gray gray; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt; mso-border-alt: solid gray .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid gray .75pt; padding: 2.25pt;"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 12pt 0cm 0pt; text-align: right;"><span style="background: yellow; font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-highlight: yellow;">1981<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) gray gray rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt 0px; mso-border-alt: solid gray .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid gray .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid gray .75pt; padding: 2.25pt;"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 12pt 0cm 0pt; text-align: right;"><span style="background: lime; font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-highlight: lime;">6.942<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) gray gray rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt 0px; mso-border-alt: solid gray .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid gray .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid gray .75pt; padding: 2.25pt;"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 12pt 0cm 0pt; text-align: right;"><span style="background: yellow; font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-highlight: yellow;">-6.74 %<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4;"> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) gray gray; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt; mso-border-alt: solid gray .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid gray .75pt; padding: 2.25pt;"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 12pt 0cm 0pt; text-align: right;"><span style="background: yellow; font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-highlight: yellow;">1982<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) gray gray rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt 0px; mso-border-alt: solid gray .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid gray .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid gray .75pt; padding: 2.25pt;"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 12pt 0cm 0pt; text-align: right;"><span style="background: lime; font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-highlight: lime;">5.941<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) gray gray rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt 0px; mso-border-alt: solid gray .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid gray .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid gray .75pt; padding: 2.25pt;"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 12pt 0cm 0pt; text-align: right;"><span style="background: yellow; font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-highlight: yellow;">-14.42 %<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 5;"> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) gray gray; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt; mso-border-alt: solid gray .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid gray .75pt; padding: 2.25pt;"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 12pt 0cm 0pt; text-align: right;"><span style="background: lime; font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-highlight: lime;">1983<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) gray gray rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt 0px; mso-border-alt: solid gray .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid gray .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid gray .75pt; padding: 2.25pt;"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 12pt 0cm 0pt; text-align: right;"><span style="background: lime; font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-highlight: lime;">6.25<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) gray gray rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt 0px; mso-border-alt: solid gray .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid gray .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid gray .75pt; padding: 2.25pt;"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 12pt 0cm 0pt; text-align: right;"><span style="background: lime; font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-highlight: lime;">5.20 %<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 6;"> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) gray gray; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt; mso-border-alt: solid gray .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid gray .75pt; padding: 2.25pt;"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 12pt 0cm 0pt; text-align: right;"><span style="background: lime; font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-highlight: lime;">1984<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) gray gray rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt 0px; mso-border-alt: solid gray .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid gray .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid gray .75pt; padding: 2.25pt;"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 12pt 0cm 0pt; text-align: right;"><span style="background: lime; font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-highlight: lime;">7.762<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) gray gray rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt 0px; mso-border-alt: solid gray .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid gray .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid gray .75pt; padding: 2.25pt;"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 12pt 0cm 0pt; text-align: right;"><span style="background: lime; font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-highlight: lime;">24.19 %<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 7;"> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) gray gray; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt; mso-border-alt: solid gray .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid gray .75pt; padding: 2.25pt;"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 12pt 0cm 0pt; text-align: right;"><span style="background: red; font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-highlight: red;">1985<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) gray gray rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt 0px; mso-border-alt: solid gray .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid gray .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid gray .75pt; padding: 2.25pt;"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 12pt 0cm 0pt; text-align: right;"><span style="background: red; font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-highlight: red;">-0.876<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) gray gray rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt 0px; mso-border-alt: solid gray .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid gray .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid gray .75pt; padding: 2.25pt;"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 12pt 0cm 0pt; text-align: right;"><span style="background: red; font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-highlight: red;">-111.29 %<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 8;"> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) gray gray; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt; mso-border-alt: solid gray .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid gray .75pt; padding: 2.25pt;"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 12pt 0cm 0pt; text-align: right;"><span style="background: lime; font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-highlight: lime;">1986<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) gray gray rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt 0px; mso-border-alt: solid gray .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid gray .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid gray .75pt; padding: 2.25pt;"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 12pt 0cm 0pt; text-align: right;"><span style="background: lime; font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-highlight: lime;">1.153<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) gray gray rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt 0px; mso-border-alt: solid gray .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid gray .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid gray .75pt; padding: 2.25pt;"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 12pt 0cm 0pt; text-align: right;"><span style="background: lime; font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-highlight: lime;">231.62 %<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 9;"> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) gray gray; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt; mso-border-alt: solid gray .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid gray .75pt; padding: 2.25pt;"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 12pt 0cm 0pt; text-align: right;"><span style="background: lime; font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-highlight: lime;">1987<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) gray gray rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt 0px; mso-border-alt: solid gray .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid gray .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid gray .75pt; padding: 2.25pt;"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 12pt 0cm 0pt; text-align: right;"><span style="background: lime; font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-highlight: lime;">5.389<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) gray gray rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt 0px; mso-border-alt: solid gray .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid gray .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid gray .75pt; padding: 2.25pt;"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 12pt 0cm 0pt; text-align: right;"><span style="background: lime; font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-highlight: lime;">367.39 %<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 10;"> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) gray gray; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt; mso-border-alt: solid gray .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid gray .75pt; padding: 2.25pt;"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 12pt 0cm 0pt; text-align: right;"><span style="background: lime; font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-highlight: lime;">1988<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) gray gray rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt 0px; mso-border-alt: solid gray .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid gray .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid gray .75pt; padding: 2.25pt;"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 12pt 0cm 0pt; text-align: right;"><span style="background: lime; font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-highlight: lime;">9.938<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) gray gray rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt 0px; mso-border-alt: solid gray .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid gray .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid gray .75pt; padding: 2.25pt;"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 12pt 0cm 0pt; text-align: right;"><span style="background: lime; font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-highlight: lime;">84.41 %<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 11;"> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) gray gray; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt; mso-border-alt: solid gray .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid gray .75pt; padding: 2.25pt;"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 12pt 0cm 0pt; text-align: right;"><span style="background: yellow; font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-highlight: yellow;">1989<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) gray gray rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt 0px; mso-border-alt: solid gray .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid gray .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid gray .75pt; padding: 2.25pt;"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 12pt 0cm 0pt; text-align: right;"><span style="background: lime; font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-highlight: lime;">9.06<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) gray gray rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt 0px; mso-border-alt: solid gray .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid gray .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid gray .75pt; padding: 2.25pt;"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 12pt 0cm 0pt; text-align: right;"><span style="background: yellow; font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-highlight: yellow;">-8.83 %<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 12;"> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) gray gray; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt; mso-border-alt: solid gray .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid gray .75pt; padding: 2.25pt;"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 12pt 0cm 0pt; text-align: right;"><span style="background: yellow; font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-highlight: yellow;">1990<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) gray gray rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt 0px; mso-border-alt: solid gray .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid gray .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid gray .75pt; padding: 2.25pt;"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 12pt 0cm 0pt; text-align: right;"><span style="background: lime; font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-highlight: lime;">9.007<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) gray gray rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt 0px; mso-border-alt: solid gray .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid gray .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid gray .75pt; padding: 2.25pt;"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 12pt 0cm 0pt; text-align: right;"><span style="background: yellow; font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-highlight: yellow;">-0.58 %<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 13;"> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) gray gray; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt; mso-border-alt: solid gray .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid gray .75pt; padding: 2.25pt;"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 12pt 0cm 0pt; text-align: right;"><span style="background: lime; font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-highlight: lime;">1991</span><span style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) gray gray rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt 0px; mso-border-alt: solid gray .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid gray .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid gray .75pt; padding: 2.25pt;"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 12pt 0cm 0pt; text-align: right;"><span style="background: lime; font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-highlight: lime;">9.547<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) gray gray rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt 0px; mso-border-alt: solid gray .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid gray .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid gray .75pt; padding: 2.25pt;"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 12pt 0cm 0pt; text-align: right;"><span style="background: lime; font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-highlight: lime;">6.00 %</span><span style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 14;"> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) gray gray; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt; mso-border-alt: solid gray .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid gray .75pt; padding: 2.25pt;"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 12pt 0cm 0pt; text-align: right;"><span style="background: yellow; font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-highlight: yellow;">1992<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) gray gray rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt 0px; mso-border-alt: solid gray .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid gray .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid gray .75pt; padding: 2.25pt;"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 12pt 0cm 0pt; text-align: right;"><span style="background: lime; font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-highlight: lime;">8.886<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) gray gray rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt 0px; mso-border-alt: solid gray .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid gray .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid gray .75pt; padding: 2.25pt;"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 12pt 0cm 0pt; text-align: right;"><span style="background: yellow; font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-highlight: yellow;">-6.92 %<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 15;"> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) gray gray; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt; mso-border-alt: solid gray .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid gray .75pt; padding: 2.25pt;"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 12pt 0cm 0pt; text-align: right;"><span style="background: lime; font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-highlight: lime;">1993<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) gray gray rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt 0px; mso-border-alt: solid gray .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid gray .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid gray .75pt; padding: 2.25pt;"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 12pt 0cm 0pt; text-align: right;"><span style="background: lime; font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-highlight: lime;">9.896<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) gray gray rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt 0px; mso-border-alt: solid gray .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid gray .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid gray .75pt; padding: 2.25pt;"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 12pt 0cm 0pt; text-align: right;"><span style="background: lime; font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-highlight: lime;">11.37 %<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 16;"> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) gray gray; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt; mso-border-alt: solid gray .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid gray .75pt; padding: 2.25pt;"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 12pt 0cm 0pt; text-align: right;"><span style="background: lime; font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-highlight: lime;">1994<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) gray gray rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt 0px; mso-border-alt: solid gray .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid gray .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid gray .75pt; padding: 2.25pt;"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 12pt 0cm 0pt; text-align: right;"><span style="background: lime; font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-highlight: lime;">9.211<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) gray gray rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt 0px; mso-border-alt: solid gray .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid gray .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid gray .75pt; padding: 2.25pt;"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 12pt 0cm 0pt; text-align: right;"><span style="background: lime; font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-highlight: lime;">-6.92 %<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 17;"> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) gray gray; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt; mso-border-alt: solid gray .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid gray .75pt; padding: 2.25pt;"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 12pt 0cm 0pt; text-align: right;"><span style="background: lime; font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-highlight: lime;">1995<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) gray gray rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt 0px; mso-border-alt: solid gray .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid gray .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid gray .75pt; padding: 2.25pt;"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 12pt 0cm 0pt; text-align: right;"><span style="background: lime; font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-highlight: lime;">9.83<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) gray gray rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt 0px; mso-border-alt: solid gray .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid gray .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid gray .75pt; padding: 2.25pt;"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 12pt 0cm 0pt; text-align: right;"><span style="background: lime; font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-highlight: lime;">6.72 %<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 18;"> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) gray gray; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt; mso-border-alt: solid gray .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid gray .75pt; padding: 2.25pt;"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 12pt 0cm 0pt; text-align: right;"><span style="background: lime; font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-highlight: lime;">1996<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) gray gray rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt 0px; mso-border-alt: solid gray .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid gray .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid gray .75pt; padding: 2.25pt;"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 12pt 0cm 0pt; text-align: right;"><span style="background: lime; font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-highlight: lime;">10.002<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) gray gray rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt 0px; mso-border-alt: solid gray .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid gray .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid gray .75pt; padding: 2.25pt;"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 12pt 0cm 0pt; text-align: right;"><span style="background: lime; font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-highlight: lime;">1.75 %<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 19;"> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) gray gray; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt; mso-border-alt: solid gray .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid gray .75pt; padding: 2.25pt;"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 12pt 0cm 0pt; text-align: right;"><span style="background: yellow; font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-highlight: yellow;">1997<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) gray gray rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt 0px; mso-border-alt: solid gray .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid gray .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid gray .75pt; padding: 2.25pt;"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 12pt 0cm 0pt; text-align: right;"><span style="background: lime; font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-highlight: lime;">7.323</span><span style="background: yellow; font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-highlight: yellow;"><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) gray gray rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt 0px; mso-border-alt: solid gray .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid gray .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid gray .75pt; padding: 2.25pt;"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 12pt 0cm 0pt; text-align: right;"><span style="background: yellow; font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-highlight: yellow;">-26.78 %<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 20;"> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) gray gray; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt; mso-border-alt: solid gray .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid gray .75pt; padding: 2.25pt;"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 12pt 0cm 0pt; text-align: right;"><span style="background: red; font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-highlight: red;">1998<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) gray gray rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt 0px; mso-border-alt: solid gray .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid gray .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid gray .75pt; padding: 2.25pt;"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 12pt 0cm 0pt; text-align: right;"><span style="background: red; font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-highlight: red;">-7.359<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) gray gray rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt 0px; mso-border-alt: solid gray .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid gray .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid gray .75pt; padding: 2.25pt;"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 12pt 0cm 0pt; text-align: right;"><span style="background: red; font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-highlight: red;">-200.49 %<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 21;"> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) gray gray; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt; mso-border-alt: solid gray .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid gray .75pt; padding: 2.25pt;"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 12pt 0cm 0pt; text-align: right;"><span style="background: lime; font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-highlight: lime;">1999</span><span style="background: red; font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-highlight: red;"><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) gray gray rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt 0px; mso-border-alt: solid gray .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid gray .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid gray .75pt; padding: 2.25pt;"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 12pt 0cm 0pt; text-align: right;"><span style="background: lime; font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-highlight: lime;">6.138</span><span style="background: red; font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-highlight: red;"><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) gray gray rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt 0px; mso-border-alt: solid gray .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid gray .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid gray .75pt; padding: 2.25pt;"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 12pt 0cm 0pt; text-align: right;"><span style="background: lime; font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-highlight: lime;">183.41 %</span><span style="background: red; font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-highlight: red;"><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 22;"> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) gray gray; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt; mso-border-alt: solid gray .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid gray .75pt; padding: 2.25pt;"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 12pt 0cm 0pt; text-align: right;"><span style="background: lime; font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-highlight: lime;">2000</span><span style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) gray gray rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt 0px; mso-border-alt: solid gray .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid gray .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid gray .75pt; padding: 2.25pt;"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 12pt 0cm 0pt; text-align: right;"><span style="background: lime; font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-highlight: lime;">8.68<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) gray gray rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt 0px; mso-border-alt: solid gray .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid gray .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid gray .75pt; padding: 2.25pt;"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 12pt 0cm 0pt; text-align: right;"><span style="background: lime; font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-highlight: lime;">41.41 %<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 23;"> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) gray gray; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt; mso-border-alt: solid gray .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid gray .75pt; padding: 2.25pt;"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 12pt 0cm 0pt; text-align: right;"><span style="background: red; font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-highlight: red;">2001<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) gray gray rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt 0px; mso-border-alt: solid gray .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid gray .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid gray .75pt; padding: 2.25pt;"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 12pt 0cm 0pt; text-align: right;"><span style="background: red; font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-highlight: red;">0.518<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) gray gray rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt 0px; mso-border-alt: solid gray .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid gray .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid gray .75pt; padding: 2.25pt;"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 12pt 0cm 0pt; text-align: right;"><span style="background: red; font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-highlight: red;">-94.03 %<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 24;"> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) gray gray; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt; mso-border-alt: solid gray .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid gray .75pt; padding: 2.25pt;"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 12pt 0cm 0pt; text-align: right;"><span style="background: lime; font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-highlight: lime;">2002<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) gray gray rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt 0px; mso-border-alt: solid gray .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid gray .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid gray .75pt; padding: 2.25pt;"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 12pt 0cm 0pt; text-align: right;"><span style="background: lime; font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-highlight: lime;">5.391<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) gray gray rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt 0px; mso-border-alt: solid gray .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid gray .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid gray .75pt; padding: 2.25pt;"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 12pt 0cm 0pt; text-align: right;"><span style="background: lime; font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-highlight: lime;">940.73 %<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 25;"> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) gray gray; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt; mso-border-alt: solid gray .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid gray .75pt; padding: 2.25pt;"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 12pt 0cm 0pt; text-align: right;"><span style="background: lime; font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-highlight: lime;">2003<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) gray gray rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt 0px; mso-border-alt: solid gray .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid gray .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid gray .75pt; padding: 2.25pt;"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 12pt 0cm 0pt; text-align: right;"><span style="background: lime; font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-highlight: lime;">5.789<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) gray gray rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt 0px; mso-border-alt: solid gray .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid gray .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid gray .75pt; padding: 2.25pt;"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 12pt 0cm 0pt; text-align: right;"><span style="background: lime; font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-highlight: lime;">7.38 %<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 26;"> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) gray gray; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt; mso-border-alt: solid gray .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid gray .75pt; padding: 2.25pt;"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 12pt 0cm 0pt; text-align: right;"><span style="background: lime; font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-highlight: lime;">2004<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) gray gray rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt 0px; mso-border-alt: solid gray .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid gray .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid gray .75pt; padding: 2.25pt;"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 12pt 0cm 0pt; text-align: right;"><span style="background: lime; font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-highlight: lime;">6.783<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) gray gray rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt 0px; mso-border-alt: solid gray .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid gray .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid gray .75pt; padding: 2.25pt;"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 12pt 0cm 0pt; text-align: right;"><span style="background: lime; font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-highlight: lime;">17.17 %<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 27;"> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) gray gray; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt; mso-border-alt: solid gray .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid gray .75pt; padding: 2.25pt;"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 12pt 0cm 0pt; text-align: right;"><span style="background: yellow; font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-highlight: yellow;">2005<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) gray gray rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt 0px; mso-border-alt: solid gray .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid gray .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid gray .75pt; padding: 2.25pt;"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 12pt 0cm 0pt; text-align: right;"><span style="background: yellow; font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-highlight: yellow;">5.332<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) gray gray rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt 0px; mso-border-alt: solid gray .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid gray .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid gray .75pt; padding: 2.25pt;"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 12pt 0cm 0pt; text-align: right;"><span style="background: yellow; font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-highlight: yellow;">-21.39 %<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 28;"> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) gray gray; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt; mso-border-alt: solid gray .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid gray .75pt; padding: 2.25pt;"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 12pt 0cm 0pt; text-align: right;"><span style="background: lime; font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-highlight: lime;">2006<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) gray gray rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt 0px; mso-border-alt: solid gray .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid gray .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid gray .75pt; padding: 2.25pt;"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 12pt 0cm 0pt; text-align: right;"><span style="background: lime; font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-highlight: lime;">5.849<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) gray gray rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt 0px; mso-border-alt: solid gray .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid gray .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid gray .75pt; padding: 2.25pt;"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 12pt 0cm 0pt; text-align: right;"><span style="background: lime; font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-highlight: lime;">9.70 %<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 29;"> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) gray gray; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt; mso-border-alt: solid gray .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid gray .75pt; padding: 2.25pt;"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 12pt 0cm 0pt; text-align: right;"><span style="background: lime; font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-highlight: lime;">2007<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) gray gray rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt 0px; mso-border-alt: solid gray .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid gray .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid gray .75pt; padding: 2.25pt;"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 12pt 0cm 0pt; text-align: right;"><span style="background: lime; font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-highlight: lime;">6.48<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) gray gray rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt 0px; mso-border-alt: solid gray .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid gray .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid gray .75pt; padding: 2.25pt;"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 12pt 0cm 0pt; text-align: right;"><span style="background: lime; font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-highlight: lime;">10.79 %<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 30;"> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) gray gray; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt; mso-border-alt: solid gray .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid gray .75pt; padding: 2.25pt;"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 12pt 0cm 0pt; text-align: right;"><span style="background: yellow; font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-highlight: yellow;">2008<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) gray gray rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt 0px; mso-border-alt: solid gray .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid gray .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid gray .75pt; padding: 2.25pt;"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 12pt 0cm 0pt; text-align: right;"><span style="background: yellow; font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-highlight: yellow;">4.708<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) gray gray rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt 0px; mso-border-alt: solid gray .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid gray .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid gray .75pt; padding: 2.25pt;"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 12pt 0cm 0pt; text-align: right;"><span style="background: yellow; font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-highlight: yellow;">-27.35 %<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 31;"> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) gray gray; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt; mso-border-alt: solid gray .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid gray .75pt; padding: 2.25pt;"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 12pt 0cm 0pt; text-align: right;"><span style="background: red; font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-highlight: red;">2009<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) gray gray rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt 0px; mso-border-alt: solid gray .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid gray .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid gray .75pt; padding: 2.25pt;"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 12pt 0cm 0pt; text-align: right;"><span style="background: red; font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-highlight: red;">-1.714<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) gray gray rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt 0px; mso-border-alt: solid gray .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid gray .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid gray .75pt; padding: 2.25pt;"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 12pt 0cm 0pt; text-align: right;"><span style="background: red; font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-highlight: red;">-136.41 %<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 32; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) gray gray; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt; mso-border-alt: solid gray .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid gray .75pt; padding: 2.25pt;"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 12pt 0cm 0pt; text-align: right;"><span style="background: lime; font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-highlight: lime;">2010</span><span style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) gray gray rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt 0px; mso-border-alt: solid gray .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid gray .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid gray .75pt; padding: 2.25pt;"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 12pt 0cm 0pt; text-align: right;"><span style="background: lime; font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-highlight: lime;">6.716<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) gray gray rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt 0px; mso-border-alt: solid gray .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid gray .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid gray .75pt; padding: 2.25pt;"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 12pt 0cm 0pt; text-align: right;"><span style="background: lime; font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-highlight: lime;">491.83 %<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
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<div class="MsoPlainText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Consolas;"><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;"><v:shapetype coordsize="21600,21600" filled="f" id="_x0000_t75" o:preferrelative="t" o:spt="75" path="m@4@5l@4@11@9@11@9@5xe" stroked="f"> <v:stroke joinstyle="miter"> <v:formulas> <v:f eqn="if lineDrawn pixelLineWidth 0"> <v:f eqn="sum @0 1 0"> <v:f eqn="sum 0 0 @1"> <v:f eqn="prod @2 1 2"> <v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelWidth"> <v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelHeight"> <v:f eqn="sum @0 0 1"> <v:f eqn="prod @6 1 2"> <v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelWidth"> <v:f eqn="sum @8 21600 0"> <v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelHeight"> <v:f eqn="sum @10 21600 0"> </v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:formulas> <v:path gradientshapeok="t" o:connecttype="rect" o:extrusionok="f"> <o:lock aspectratio="t" v:ext="edit"> </o:lock></v:path></v:stroke></v:shapetype><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_1" o:spid="_x0000_i1025" style="height: 307.5pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 465.75pt;" type="#_x0000_t75"> <v:imagedata o:title="" src="file:///C:\Users\Steve\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image001.png"> </v:imagedata></v:shape></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div><br />
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<div class="MsoPlainText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">附录2<span style="color: #1f497d; mso-themecolor: dark2;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1f497d; font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-themecolor: dark2;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><br />
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1f497d; font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-themecolor: dark2;"><a href="http://siteresources.worldbank.org/DATASTATISTICS/Resources/GNIPC.pdf"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Times New Roman;">http://siteresources.worldbank.org/DATASTATISTICS/Resources/GNIPC.pdf</span></a> <o:p></o:p></span></div><br />
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<div class="MsoPlainText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">附录</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">3 CPI </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">以及</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> PPI<o:p></o:p></span></div><br />
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">1. <a href="http://www.tradingeconomics.com/malaysia/inflation-cpi"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Times New Roman;">http://www.tradingeconomics.com/malaysia/inflation-cpi</span></a><span style="color: #1f497d; mso-themecolor: dark2;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><br />
</span>2.</span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: Consolas;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><a href="http://www.statistics.gov.my/portal/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1238%3Aconsumer-price-index-malaysia-july-2011-updated-17082011&catid=71%3Aconsumer-price-index-malaysia-&lang=en"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Times New Roman;">http://www.statistics.gov.my/portal/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1238%3Aconsumer-price-index-malaysia-july-2011-updated-17082011&catid=71%3Aconsumer-price-index-malaysia-&lang=en</span></a>]<o:p></o:p></span></div><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">3.</span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><a href="http://www.statistics.gov.my/portal/download_Prices/files/PPI/2011/JUN/02Penemuan.pdf"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Times New Roman;">http://www.statistics.gov.my/portal/download_Prices/files/PPI/2011/JUN/02Penemuan.pdf</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div><br />
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<div class="MsoPlainText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">附录4:各国的国家债务</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><br />
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_by_public_debt"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Times New Roman;">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_by_public_debt</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div><br />
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<div class="MsoPlainText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">附录5:各国的出口比较</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><br />
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><a href="http://www.indexmundi.com/g/r.aspx?c=my&v=85"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Times New Roman;">http://www.indexmundi.com/g/r.aspx?c=my&v=85</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div><br />
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<div class="MsoPlainText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">附录6:马来西亚历年的出口量</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><br />
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Export of Malaysia<o:p></o:p></span></div><br />
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="mso-cellspacing: 0cm; mso-padding-alt: 2.25pt 2.25pt 2.25pt 2.25pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;"><tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: inset inset inset none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt 0px; mso-border-bottom-alt: inset windowtext .75pt; mso-border-right-alt: inset windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: inset windowtext .75pt; padding: 2.25pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Country<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td style="background-color: transparent; border: rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 2.25pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">1999<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td style="background-color: transparent; border: rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 2.25pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">2000<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td style="background-color: transparent; border: rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 2.25pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">2002<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td style="background-color: transparent; border: rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 2.25pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">2003<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td style="background-color: transparent; border: rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 2.25pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">2004<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td style="background-color: transparent; border: rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 2.25pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">2005<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td style="background-color: transparent; border: rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 2.25pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">2006<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td style="background-color: transparent; border: rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 2.25pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">2007<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td style="background-color: transparent; border: rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 2.25pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">2008<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td style="background-color: transparent; border: rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 2.25pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">2009<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: inset none inset inset; border-width: 1pt 0px 1pt 1pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: inset windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: inset windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: inset windowtext .75pt; padding: 2.25pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">2010<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: inset inset inset none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt 0px; mso-border-bottom-alt: inset windowtext .75pt; mso-border-right-alt: inset windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: inset windowtext .75pt; padding: 2.25pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><a href="http://www.indexmundi.com/malaysia/exports.html"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Malaysia</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="background-color: transparent; border: rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 2.25pt;"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: right;"><span style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">83.5<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="background-color: transparent; border: rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 2.25pt;"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: right;"><span style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">97.9<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="background-color: transparent; border: rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 2.25pt;"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: right;"><span style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">94.4<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="background-color: transparent; border: rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 2.25pt;"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: right;"><span style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">95.2<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="background-color: transparent; border: rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 2.25pt;"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: right;"><span style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">98.4<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="background-color: transparent; border: rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 2.25pt;"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: right;"><span style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">123.5<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="background-color: transparent; border: rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 2.25pt;"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: right;"><span style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">147.1<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="background-color: transparent; border: rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 2.25pt;"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: right;"><span style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">158.7<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="background-color: transparent; border: rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 2.25pt;"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: right;"><span style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">198.9<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="background-color: transparent; border: rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 2.25pt;"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: right;"><span style="background: yellow; font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-highlight: yellow;">157.5</span><span style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: inset none inset inset; border-width: 1pt 0px 1pt 1pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: inset windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: inset windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: inset windowtext .75pt; padding: 2.25pt;"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: right;"><span style="font-family: SimHei; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">210.3<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
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</div>张志辉 Steve Teohhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04985454428082038457noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2474916157988312330.post-2349066950049546672011-07-24T03:05:00.000+08:002011-07-24T03:05:22.594+08:00虚构与现实就像理智与情绪一样:都是对立的。切莫太当真一面伤身。时下年轻人真的太过情绪化了。就连晚生一个虚构故事“埋藏的炸弹”,都有人来留言,还发表了许多虚构的回应。虽然晚生很感激您的回应,因为故事能够打动您的思绪,但还是要奉劝一句,故事归故事,看了就算。如果您还是沉迷在故事里的情节,跟现实脱了节,请恕晚生无能为力,您应该要找心理学家来治疗。张志辉 Steve Teohhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04985454428082038457noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2474916157988312330.post-21919130408635486792011-07-18T19:22:00.000+08:002011-07-19T02:52:40.623+08:00埋藏的炸弹....<strong>(本故事纯属虚构,如有雷同,纯属巧合)</strong><br />
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越战期间,美国佬为了巩固自己的地盘,不理会当地人民反对在许多据点挖地下坑、埋下了许多的后备炸弹。后来美国战败,美军撤出越南,当地民众虽然知道炸弹的存在,但是没有人敢去碰,因为害怕它的杀伤力,所以这些炸弹也就这样长久被埋着。<br />
<br />
有一天,当地的新村长无意间发现了炸弹地图,决定把它挖起来作为己用。当地的居民强烈反对,因为会影响到当地居民的生活,村长却视若无睹。当地的反对派也群起反对,同样的也没有效果。<br />
<br />
新村长一意孤行,认为这些武器绝对符合他们的战略要求。于是便下令全面挖掘,誓要把这些炸弹全部挖出来充份利用。<br />
<br />
忠于村长的幕僚忙着为村长解围,设法转移人民的视线,让村长顺利拿到这批武器。他们硬说是美国佬惹的祸,以前如果美国佬没有埋下这些炸弹,就不会有今天的这些问题。<br />
<br />
一些村长的中立伙伴也认为这做法不妥,但是没有人敢直接向村长说,只是通过喊话、恫言等方式表达,就是没有一个人敢直接去见村长,因为村长权力实在大,搞不好会一命呜呼。村长的支持者俱乐部想到了一个好办法,说要把请愿交给村长,然后就大放消息告诉大家已经解决。不久村长幕僚获悉马上发言反驳说村长可没有这样说过!<br />
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眼看乱象丛生,当地的商团忍不住了,决定去见村长,直接告诉他,这样可能会伤害到6000余名无辜的工人,最后没有人工作,政府也没有收入,大家一起去荷兰。村长迟疑了一阵,就交待身边的秘书去解决。秘书火速去安抚其他人,告诉他们挖出来炸弹不会影响他们。<br />
<br />
最终,炸弹还是要照样挖出来,只是买了额外保险给附近的居民,让他们在炸弹挖掘时有点保障,这项保单必须每次更新。<br />
<br />
敢怒但不敢言的村长伙伴们又再次出来亮相,告诉大家他们成功要求村长放弃挖掘,证明他们平起平坐。还有一些还一直在数落美国佬有多坏,反对派有多无能。<br />
<br />
问题是:<br />
1)美国佬都不在了,为何硬要拿这些炸弹来用,而不是把它销毁,以免生灵涂炭??<br />
2)炸弹最后还是挖出来用了。附加保险真的就万无一失吗?<br />
3)挖掘的人难道一点社会责任都没有吗? 权力可在他们手中啊?张志辉 Steve Teohhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04985454428082038457noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2474916157988312330.post-15809805420414820362011-05-01T22:11:00.000+08:002011-07-19T22:12:41.158+08:00How much do you know about promises?Breach of promise is a base surrender of truth." ~<strong>Mohandas Gandhi.</strong><br />
<br />
"We must not promise what we ought not, lest we be called on to perform what we cannot." ~<strong>Abraham Lincoln</strong><br />
<br />
"Promises may fit the friends, but non-performance will turn them into enemies." ~<strong>Benjamin Franklin</strong><br />
<br />
"Vote for the man who promises least; he'll be the least disappointing. ~<strong>Bernard M. Baruch</strong><br />
<br />
"Unless commitment is made, there are only promises and hopes; but no plans." ~<strong>Peter F. Drucker</strong><br />
<br />
"Hypocrisy can afford to be magnificent in its promises, for never intending to go beyond promise, it costs nothing." ~<strong>Edmund Burke</strong><br />
<br />
"The man who promises everything is sure to fulfill nothing, and everyone who promises too much is in danger of using evil means in order to carry out his promises, and is already on the road to perdition." ~<strong>Carl Jung</strong><br />
<br />
"When a man repeats a promise again and again, he means to fail you." ~<strong>Proverb</strong><br />
<br />
"Promise only what you can deliver. Then deliver more than you promise." ~<strong>Anonymous</strong><br />
"A politician is known by the promises he keeps." ~<strong>Author Unknown</strong>张志辉 Steve Teohhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04985454428082038457noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2474916157988312330.post-3497510221133936222011-04-01T22:08:00.000+08:002011-07-19T22:09:39.102+08:00Article 11 - Freedom of Religion, not really<strong>Malaysian Federal Constitution - Article 11</strong><br />
<br />
Article 11 provides that every person has the right to profess and practice his own religion. Every person has the right to propagate his religion, but state law and, in respect of the Federal Territories,federal law may control or restrict the propagation of any religious doctrine or belief among Muslims. There is, however, freedom to carry on missionary work among non-Muslims.<br />
<br />
Sense anything wrong? I believe the lawmakers failed to differentiate the boundaries of public and civil laws.<br />
<br />
Article 11 is a supposed to be a public law - law that concerns the state, the relationship between the state and the individual. It is unfortunately allowed a loophole into civil law which governs rules for the conduct of relations and transactions between persons or organisations.<br />
<br />
The worst thing is the purported "laws preventing proselytising to muslim" is used not just for prevention. It is used to control the conduct and practice of other religions with respect to Islam. This is unconstitutional.<br />
<br />
<br />
There is a need to revert to the original scope of those laws to only "prevent proselytising to muslims" in its orginal context. A clear offence is committed when a person or a group intentionally spread other religious doctrine to a muslim. The main aim of this law is to protect and not to offer exclusivity.<br />
<br />
Other enactments by the state laws to uphold this principle must NOT intervene with other religions, especially those that provide exclusivity and reservation of the use of words and expressions. It surves no purpose asking others not to comment on a religion when the religion itself is segregating between believers and non-believers. Some even go to the extent of calling non-believers as infidels and down playing other religious beliefs.张志辉 Steve Teohhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04985454428082038457noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2474916157988312330.post-74864426103872073072011-03-02T17:26:00.000+08:002011-12-27T06:14:40.571+08:00Comments on press release of IKIM conference on 24 Feb 2011I read your article on the Star Tuesday March 1, 2011 Page N36 and would like to point out a few obvious mistakes. <br />
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Firstly, the allegation on paragraph 11 that: "<strong>Other religions do not really prohibit liquor. Due to this, the non-Muslims perceive religious enforcement by Muslim authorities as actions that affect their right to do business</strong>" is misleading. Such statement showed shallow understanding of other religions. It is up to the individual to practice the teachings of their religion. You cannot blame a religion if a disciple failed to follow the teaching. After all, self regulation is far more effective than enforcement. One should first understand the central moral values of other religions, access its central teaching before lamenting such a comment. What Dr Wan Azhar Wan Ahmad mentioned was indeed biased; focus mainly on Islam preaching while downplaying the preaching of other religions.<br />
<br />
Major religions—most notably Islam, Jainism, the Bahá'í Faith, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, the Seventh-day Adventist Church, the Church of Christ, Scientist, the United Pentecostal Church International, Theravada, most Mahayana schools of Buddhism, some Protestant denominations of Christianity, some sects of Taoism (Five Precepts (Taoism) and Ten Precepts (Taoism)), and some sects of Hinduism — forbid, discourage, or restrict the drinking of alcoholic beverages for various reasons. <br />
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Some of these teachings were in fact dated earlier than Islam. One notable example is extract from fifth of the Five Precepts from the Pali Canon. It was first committed to writing in Sri Lanka in 29 BCE, way ahead of Nabi Muhammad's revelations in 610 CE : <em>Surā-meraya-majja-pamādaṭṭhānā veramaṇī sikkhāpadaṃ samādiyāmi.</em> - "I undertake to refrain from fermented drink that causes heedlessness." [source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcoholic_beverage#Alcohol_and_religion]<br />
<br />
Liquor prohibition is not enacted exclusively for religious purposes. In fact, in early 20th century, legislators of many countries have considered its adverse effect and tried to bring it under control. There was an attempt in the US from 1920 to 1933 (the <em>Prohibition era</em>) to eliminate the drinking of alcoholic beverages by means of a national prohibition of their manufacture and sale. During this time, the 18th Amendment to the Constitution of the United States made the manufacture, sale, and transportation of alcoholic beverages illegal throughout the United States.<br />
<br />
Unfortunately, prohibition has also led to the unintended consequence of causing widespread disrespect for the law, as many people procured alcoholic beverages from illegal sources. A lucrative business was created for illegal producers and sellers of alcohol, which led to the development of organized crime. As a result, Prohibition became extremely unpopular, which ultimately led to the repeal of the 18th Amendment in 1933. Nordic countries like Finland, and Norway had also tried to implement liquor prohibition in the early 20th century but failed.<br />
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In Muslim countries, so far only Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Sudan, and Libya prohibit the production, sale, and consumption of alcoholic beverages. Many other Muslim countries like Indonesia only implement restriction and not total prohibition. <br />
It is also interesting to note that in India, states like Gujarat and Mizoram have outright prohibition of liquors. From this, we can conclude that prohibition is based on the severity of the alcoholism problems in the respective area.<br />
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Secondly, Dr Wan Azhar seemed to be carried away when he mentioned in paragraph 16: "<strong>Despite this, it was amazing to learn that only 45% of the world's population doe not take liquor</strong>". According to WHO global report on alcohol, about 2 billion people across the world consume alcoholic drinks out of a population of 6.7 billion. That is only around 28% not 55% as what you have claimed.<br />
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In paragraph 17: "<strong>And surprisingly, maybe not, Malaysians were among the world's heaviest drinkers</strong>". There is an exaggeration. If you are not certain, please refrain from making a false accusation. According to the report by WHO, the heaviest drinking countries are mostly European ( total alcohol consumption per person in litres):<br />
1) Republic of Moldova 18.22<br />
2) Czech Republic 16.45<br />
3) Hungary 16.27<br />
4) Russia 15.76<br />
5) Ukraine 15.6<br />
6) Estonia 15.57<br />
7) Andorra 15.48<br />
8) Romania 15.3<br />
9) Slovenia 15.19<br />
10) Belarus 15.13<br />
11) UK 13.37 <br />
Malaysia (0.82) is ranked lower than Singapore (1.55).<br />
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Thirdly, the call by IKIM to <strong>enact a national law to reduce harmful use of alcohol </strong>is most welcomed, but on the side line, <strong>"to describe liquor in all its forms as a material equally destructive as drugs"</strong> is an overkill. The effect of alcohol taken in small quantity is definitely not the same like narcotics. We need not be so paranoid on the small amounts of alcohol present in our food. Some alcohols are made from herbs and have therapeutic effect if consumed in limited quantity - e.g. D.O.M, Yomeishu etc. Light to moderate drinking can have a beneficial impact on heart disease and stroke, according to the WHO. Rice wines are well-known essence in cooking in both Eastern and Western cooking. Were there anyone suffering after consuming the food or beverage with small amounts of alcohol? The answer is obvious.<br />
<br />
Steve Teoh Chee Hooi张志辉 Steve Teohhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04985454428082038457noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2474916157988312330.post-75295177682012406692011-02-17T03:21:00.001+08:002011-02-17T03:21:48.396+08:00Feedback on Klang Valley Mass Rapid Transit (KVMRT)<div class="MsoPlainText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="font-family: Consolas;">The recent launch of the Klang Valley Mass Rapid Transit Project’s proposed Sungai Buloh-Kajang MRT line was received by the public with mixed responses. Many of us think that start work order was given too soon without consulting the public feedback, especially those affected by the project. I strongly feel that there is a need to assess the surrounding issues before rolling out the project. These issues affect the people and should be given utmost priority.</span></span></div><div class="MsoPlainText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoPlainText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="font-family: Consolas;">Among the surrounding issues are:</span></span></div><div class="MsoPlainText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 18pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Consolas; mso-fareast-font-family: Consolas;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font-family: Consolas;">1)</span><span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="font-family: Consolas;">Dubious Tender Process</span></span></u></b></div><div class="MsoPlainText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="font-family: Consolas;">There was a serious lack of documentation and specifications before the tender award to Gamuda-MMC. From the website of Suruhanjaya Pengangkutan Awam Darat (SPAD) at </span><a href="http://www.kvmrt.com.my/"><span style="color: blue;">http://www.kvmrt.com.my</span></a><span style="font-family: Consolas;">, we can only see limited information about Project Background, Noise Level Table, Station Facilities, and Technical & Safety Features. I personally do not call it a specifications as they do not elaborate in detail the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: red;">Building and Engineering requirements</span></b>. There was a joke calling it a build first, plan later approach. It makes you wonder how the tender company can calculate and quote for the total project cost without referring to any specifications.</span></span></div><div class="MsoPlainText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoPlainText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="font-family: Consolas;">SPAD is also risking its credibility by not doing their homework of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: red;">identification of potential location and budgetary planning</span></b> but instead asking vendors to propose and compete amongst themselves using the “Swiss Challenge” approach. This approach tends to give the upper hand to the spec-in company. Unless the full specification is disclosed, other the vendors are left in a black-box competition with a high chance of losing the bid. This is not a fair deal as the final evaluation is <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: red;">NOT really comparing apple with apple</span></b>. Choosing Gamuda-MMC’s proposal directly as a spec-in benchmark without open tender is one of the worst example of favoritism from the SPAD commission. It will also reflect very badly on the governance of the project.</span></span></div><div class="MsoPlainText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoPlainText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 18pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Consolas; mso-fareast-font-family: Consolas;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font-family: Consolas;">2)</span><span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="font-family: Consolas;">Environmental issues</span></span></u></b></div><div class="MsoPlainText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="font-family: Consolas;">A proper EIA assessment needs to be done on the areas affected by the construction of MRT. This will ensure that the development does not have an effect on the environment and eco-system and create hazards like flood and landslides. Furthermore, the affected areas and their surrounding community must be given fair chance to voice out their concerns on the MRT project.</span></span></div><div class="MsoPlainText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoPlainText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 18pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Consolas; mso-fareast-font-family: Consolas;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font-family: Consolas;">3)</span><span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="font-family: Consolas;">Impractical Design</span></span></u></b></div><div class="MsoPlainText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="font-family: Consolas;">I am also against showing the fictitious station views or artist impression without proper architectural information because it is like a tool to deceive the public into believing that the project is viable. A nicely drawn station may turn out to be of limited use after all. We want to see <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: red;">the actual station design, the capacity, as well as passenger flow</span></b> needs to be carefully examined to remove any potential inconveniences to the commuters.</span></span></div><div class="MsoPlainText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoPlainText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="font-family: Consolas;">Some ERL or LRT stations became the laughing stocks of the people because of its many flaws and impractical design.</span></span></div><div class="MsoPlainText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="font-family: Consolas;">A good example is the nice Tasik Selatan ERL station, which has a very narrow entry and exit path and thus cannot cater for a large crowd. Furthermore, to enter or exit the station to either Tasik Selatan or TBS, one has to go up, down, up and down again. Imagine the hassle a traveler with heavy luggage that has to drag the bag up and down the escalator or lift. The lift was also very slow despite only serving Level G and 1.</span></span></div><div class="MsoPlainText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="font-family: Consolas;">Another example is the Salak Tinggi ERL station. Despite a fantastic shell like design, the waiting platform has a store room located just in the middle of the waiting and commuting area, thus <span style="background: yellow; mso-highlight: yellow;">forcing people to walk near the yellow line</span> in order to pass through to the other end. This exposes the traveler to unnecessary risks. </span></span></div><div class="MsoPlainText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoPlainText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 18pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Consolas; mso-fareast-font-family: Consolas;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font-family: Consolas;">4)</span><span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="font-family: Consolas;">Coverage and Focus</span></span></u></b></div><div class="MsoPlainText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="font-family: Consolas;">It seems the project aims to cover 3 different niches of needs – general public, tourists, business. However, there seems to be disproportion in these focuses. </span></span></div><div class="MsoPlainText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoPlainText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="font-family: Consolas;">a) Tourist Spots</span></span></b></div><div class="MsoPlainText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="font-family: Consolas;">The emphasis on tourist spots however is lacking. If tourism is really on the centrefold, then we would expect the following stations at the country’s top tourist spots:</span></span></div><div class="MsoPlainText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 54pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -36pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Consolas; mso-fareast-font-family: Consolas;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font-family: Consolas;">i)</span><span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Consolas;">Between the Parlimen, Taman Tasik Perdana, National Monument, Carcosa Seri Negara, National Planetarium, Asian Sculpture Garden and many more.</span></div><div class="MsoPlainText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 54pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -36pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Consolas; mso-fareast-font-family: Consolas;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font-family: Consolas;">ii)</span><span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Consolas;">Between Taman Tasik Titiwangsa, Istana Budaya and National Library.</span></div><div class="MsoPlainText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 54pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -36pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Consolas; mso-fareast-font-family: Consolas;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font-family: Consolas;">iii)</span><span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Consolas;">Batu Caves, FRIM, Templer Park etc*. </span></div><div class="MsoPlainText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 54pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -36pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Consolas; mso-fareast-font-family: Consolas;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font-family: Consolas;">iv)</span><span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Consolas;">Zoo Negara*. </span></div><div class="MsoPlainText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 18pt;"><span style="font-family: Consolas;">Note*: As it is far away from the main line, we will have to wait and hope that it will be built it in future.</span></div><div class="MsoPlainText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoPlainText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="font-family: Consolas;">b) Densely populated Areas</span></span></b></div><div class="MsoPlainText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Consolas;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The focus on areas with dense population is also not clear. Some stations are questionable in nature as it does not have huge population. It is hoped that the story of underutilized stations like Abdullah Hukum will not be repeated again. Among those are </span>Taman Koperasi and Taman Mesra. These two are definitely not hotpots. </span></div><div class="MsoPlainText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoPlainText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 54pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -36pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Consolas; mso-fareast-font-family: Consolas;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font-family: Consolas;">i)</span><span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Consolas;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Taman Koperasi</b> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">station</b> is the inner most housing area after Tmn Lingkaran Nur and Taman Rakan. Instead of Taman Koperasi, why not a station between Taman Rakan, Mahkota Cheras or Sg Long? Those areas are more densely populated and it has two IPTS around the vicinity. It would be a strange thing why the densely populated area have no stations and majority of the people have to travel a few kilometres to reach the station. </span></div><div class="MsoPlainText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 54pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -36pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Consolas; mso-fareast-font-family: Consolas;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font-family: Consolas;">ii)</span><span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Consolas;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Taman Mesra</b> station is only useful to two adjacent housing areas - Tmn Delima and Tmn Mesra and hence is economically infeasible. It can be postponed until later when the need arises. Saujana Impian station is also in nearby vicinity. There is still a need to add access road to Kampung Sg Sekamat and Tmn Sri Sekamat to Saujana Impian to facilitate access. </span></div><div class="MsoPlainText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 54pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -36pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Consolas; mso-fareast-font-family: Consolas;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font-family: Consolas;">iii)</span><span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Consolas;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Cochrane (PPR Cochrane)</b> to <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: red;">Pasar Rakyat</span></b> seems a bit far. By right Pasar Raykat is not a popular hotspot and hence a station there will be of not much help. There is no station to cover major areas where there are many schools near the following:</span></div><div class="MsoPlainText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 54pt;"><span style="font-family: Consolas;">(A) SJK(C) Chin Woo, SJK(C) Kung Min, SK(L) Jln Pasar 2, SK(L) Jln Pasar 1, SK Jln Pasar and </span></div><div class="MsoPlainText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 54pt;"><span style="font-family: Consolas;">(B) SMK(P) Bandaraya, SJK(C) Jln Imbi. A station near <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: red;">Jalan Davis</span></b> is more desirable than the one in Pasar Rakyat.</span></div><div class="MsoPlainText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoPlainText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="font-family: Consolas;">Public convenience should the top priority but unfortunately it is not emphasized in certain areas.</span></span></div><div class="MsoPlainText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoPlainText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="font-family: Consolas;">c) Business Areas</span></span></b></div><div class="MsoPlainText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="font-family: Consolas;">Probably the only thing that we can applaud on the proposed MRT map is on its extensive coverage of business areas in PJ, Damansara up to Sg Buloh. The only area that is far from coverage is Mont Kiara and it would probably be covered by the feeder bus. </span></span></div><div class="MsoPlainText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoPlainText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 18pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Consolas; mso-fareast-font-family: Consolas;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font-family: Consolas;">5)</span><span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="font-family: Consolas;">Operational issues </span></span></u></b></div><div class="MsoPlainText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoPlainText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="font-family: Consolas;">a) <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Slower long distance travel</b><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span></div><div class="MsoPlainText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="font-family: Consolas;">Given the long distance of the coverage of 60km and 35 station, the train stops would incur on average every 1.7km. This will limit the train speed to average 45km/h, plus a wait time of 10-15 seconds per stop. The travelling time end-to-end (Kajang - Sg Buloh) with MRT is around 1 hour 30 minutes. A person driving on Sprint highway (47.8km) will need just 48 minutes. Similarly, a person driving on North-South expressway (46.3km) will need just 47 minutes. Travelling with MRT on long distance does not help to save time at all. People will still prefer to drive as the duration is shorter! Short distance travelers and people going into or out of the city centre will probably benefit more than those travelling longer distance. </span></span></div><div class="MsoPlainText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoPlainText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="font-family: Consolas;">b) Connecting Journey</span></span></b></div><div class="MsoPlainText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="font-family: Consolas;">From the diagrams supplied by SPAD (</span><a href="http://media.kvmrt.com/pdm/Alignment_Map.pdf"><span style="font-family: Consolas;">http://media.kvmrt.com/pdm/Alignment_Map.pdf</span></a><span style="font-family: Consolas;"> and </span><a href="http://www.kvmrt.com.my/media/pdm/MapKVMRT-B_opt.jpg"><span style="font-family: Consolas;">http://www.kvmrt.com.my/media/pdm/MapKVMRT-B_opt.jpg</span></a><span style="font-family: Consolas;">), the linkages to other modes of transportation relies on two stations - Maluri and Pasar Seni. One can’t help but to ask why is there no <span style="color: red;">MAIN interchange station at KL Sentral to monorail and Putra</span>. Having looked at the monorail line, there seems to be no way to connect from monorail to Putra LRT without exiting the station and walk for some distance.</span></span></div><div class="MsoPlainText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="font-family: Consolas;">The connecting stations must be carefully planned so that it is convenient for users to change trains. The disjunction between Putra and STAR LRT interchange at Masjid Jamek has longed been ridiculed by locals and foreigners and we cannot afford another joke like this.</span></span></div><div class="MsoPlainText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoPlainText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="font-family: Consolas;">c) Poor maintenance</span></span></b></div><div class="MsoPlainText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="font-family: Consolas;">The existing LRT stations and surrounding areas are badly maintained. The Central Market station, in particular looks good on the front, but at the backyard leading to Menara Dayabumi, you can see moulds, sands, patches of water and vandalized wall. I don’t suppose the SPAD people has ever visited the LRT station from Dayabumi. It is really a shame if a foreign visitor came and saw it. I sincerely hoped that the current LRT and the future <RT infrastructure will be properly maintained.</span></span></div><div class="MsoPlainText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoPlainText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="font-family: Consolas;">Frequent power failure of the Putra LRT system is also another major concern as it causes service disruption that affects the people, especially the working class.</span></span></div><div class="MsoPlainText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoPlainText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="font-family: Consolas;">Missing/ confusing signage is also another problem area to look into. Some station does not even have a station name written on the pillars so that commuters can easily recognize the current station. The voice prompt is sometimes too weak and can be overridden by the loud squeaking sound of the rail track.</span></span></div><div class="MsoPlainText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoPlainText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="font-family: Consolas;">As a conclusion, if we were to build world class transit system, we will have to go back to the basics first. Jumping steps and taking the easy way out will not help us to go far. Planning and debates should be held before the specs are discussed. We do not have to travel far to learn how to plan a good and effective transit system. Have a look at our neighbours, Bangkok and Singapore. These are good examples of well planned mass transit system. More information can be found at </span><a href="http://www.urbanrail.net/as/asia.htm"><span style="font-family: Consolas;">http://www.urbanrail.net/as/asia.htm</span></a><span style="font-family: Consolas;"> </span></span></div><div class="MsoPlainText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoPlainText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="font-family: Consolas;">Written by Steve Teoh</span></span></div>张志辉 Steve Teohhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04985454428082038457noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2474916157988312330.post-40070329317371251282011-01-04T02:58:00.000+08:002011-01-04T03:03:05.277+08:00民联金三角分裂的危机<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
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</tbody></table> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div>张志辉 Steve Teohhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04985454428082038457noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2474916157988312330.post-35665435304766432922011-01-01T22:26:00.000+08:002011-01-01T23:18:41.613+08:00事事关心:马来西亚华人政党与回教党关系<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">改编自:范若兰</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;"> - <span lang="ZH-CN">中山大学亚太研究院,东南亚研究</span>2010<span lang="ZH-CN">年第</span>4<span lang="ZH-CN">期</span></span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">种族政治</span></b><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">和<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">回教政治化</b>目前是马来西亚政治的主导因素</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">, <span lang="ZH-CN">而<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">政党政治</b>则是其表现形式之一</span>, <span lang="ZH-CN">华人政党与回教党关系的变化对马来西亚政治发展和种族关系都有一定影响。</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">就因为这样,以华人为基础的政党</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">, <span lang="ZH-CN">包括执政党马华公会和民政党以及反对党民主行动党与回教党的关系演变是举足轻重的。</span></span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">要了解这些</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">关系演变</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">,我们就必须先了解回教党及其理念。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">回教党及其理念</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;"></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">从</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">1951</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">年成立到</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">1974</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">年</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">, </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">回教党关注的主要是马来人特权</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">, </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">强调“马来亚是马来人的</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">”</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">, </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">主张</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">: ( 1) </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">马来语成为国语和唯一官方语言</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">; ( 2) </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">建立以马来文化为基础的民族文化</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">; ( 3) </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">保护马来人特权。这定位与巫统基本相同。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">但</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">1982</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">年是回教党发展的分水岭。回教党提出新战略</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">: </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">“<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">改革回教社会使之成为回教国的基础</b>”</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;"> ,并</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">以</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;"> [</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">可兰经</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">]</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;"> </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">和圣训为基础</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">, </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">以<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">回教法为法律</b>,将回教原则全面引入国家<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">经济</b>、<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">社会</b>、<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">教育</b>和<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">政治</b>体系</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">, </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">并使回教在日常生活中遵循<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">回教价值观</b>和<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">行为规范</b>。转变后的回教党最重要的变化是新领导人用回教原则取代了狭隘的马来种族主义。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "Cambria Math"; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">回教党最坚持的<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">目标是将马来西亚建成回教国</b></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">, </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">奉行回教生活方式</span></b><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">和<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">实行回教法</b></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">,</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">包括“回教刑法”</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;"> ( hudud)</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">。在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">1999</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">年获得吉兰丹州和丁加奴州的执政权后</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">, </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">该党将回教国理念付诸实践</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">, </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">具体包括以下几方面</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">: </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 41.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -23.25pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(1)<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">提倡“<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">与回教相伴的发展</b></span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">”</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">理念</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">,</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">注重回教精神。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 41.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -23.25pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(2)<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">遵守回教生活方式</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">, </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">所有不符合回教教义的活动都属非法。</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;"></span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt 41.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -23.25pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(3)<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">实施“回教刑</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "Cambria Math"; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">法</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">”</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">, 1993 </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">年、</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">2002</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">年吉兰丹州和丁加奴州分别颁布回教刑法。该法本质上非常不人道,更因违背联邦宪法而没有真正执行。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">回教党的种族理念是基于回教原则</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">, </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">而不是基于马来种族主义。从回教党的党章、<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">回教国文件</b></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun;"> </span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun;">(Dokumen Negara Islam)</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">、历次大选宣言和领导人讲话</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">, </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">可将其种族政策概括如下</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">:</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 41.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -23.25pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(1)<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">保证宗教信仰自由和其他自由</span></b><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 41.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -23.25pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(2)<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">保证公正和平等</span></b><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt 41.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -23.25pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(3)<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">保证多元族群和多元宗教</span></b><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">回教党员认为回教国完全可以保证非回教徒的权利和自由。回教党的基本特点是<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: fuchsia; mso-highlight: fuchsia;">去种族和重回教</span></b>。回教党<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">不赞成马来人主权和马来人特权</b></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">, </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">强调公正和所有种族平等</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">, </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">因此回教党<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">反对新经济政策</b></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">,</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">认为它既不公平也不公正</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">, </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">充满贪污和滥权</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">, </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">其他种族的穷人和非巫统支持者没有受惠。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">可惜,说了这么多,在民联最近推出的竞选承诺中,竟然把回教国文件的承诺都妥协了。马来人主权以及新经济政策都没有列在内。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">虽然回教国下的民众虽没有种族之分</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">, </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">却<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: fuchsia; mso-highlight: fuchsia;">有回教徒和非回教徒之分</span></b></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">, </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">国家最高权力只能由回教徒掌握</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">, </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="background: yellow; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-highlight: yellow;">非回教徒的自治权是基于<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">回教主权 </b>下的授予</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">; </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">非回教徒可以实行世俗法律</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">, </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">但公共法律是回教法</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">, </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">这导致非回教徒在某种情况下也要遵守回教法。正如哈迪阿旺所说</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">, </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">在回教国下</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">, </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">非回教徒在涉及公众利益事务时也必须遵守回教法。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">华社如果真正了解这项宗旨,都不会支持把回教义在日常生活中加注在非教徒身上的。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">华人政党面对回教党</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">: </span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">反对还是合作</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">?</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">马华公会、民政党和行动党以华人为基础。他们首先要争取本种族选民支持</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">, </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">其次还要争取其他种族选民支持。总的来看</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">, </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">执政党马华公会和民政党对回教党的态度是始终反对的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">, </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">而反对党行动党对回教党的态度则是在反对与合作中反复。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">70</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">年代以前</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">, </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">华人政党与回教党基本没有交集。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">80</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">年代在回教复兴运动的大背景下</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">, </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">回教党与巫统的竞争日益激烈</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">, </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">但华人政党因其宗教主义而反对与其接触。当时的<span style="background: yellow; mso-highlight: yellow;">华人政党不论是执政党还是反对党都坚决反对回教党</span>。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">1990 </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">年大选,国阵与反对党阵线的竞争非常激烈</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">, </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">反对党(包括行动党)在<span style="background: fuchsia; mso-highlight: fuchsia;">人民阵线旗帜</span>下共获</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">57</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">个国会议席</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">, </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">回教党赢得吉兰丹州的执政权。但两线制并没有维持下去。回教党于</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">1993 </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">年在吉兰丹州出台的《回教刑法</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Cambria Math"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Cambria Math"; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Cambria Math";">》</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">是导致双方决裂的关键因素。马华公会坚决反对回教党</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">, </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">批评《回教刑法</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Cambria Math"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Cambria Math"; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Cambria Math";">》</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">是极端神权思想的典型例子</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Cambria Math"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Cambria Math"; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Cambria Math";">。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">1995</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">年大选前,行动党的态度有了</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">180</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">度的转变,为了避免被指责支持《回教刑法</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Cambria Math"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Cambria Math"; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Cambria Math";">》</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="background: yellow; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-highlight: yellow;">宣布反对回教党的做法,并退出人民阵线</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">。</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Cambria Math"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Cambria Math"; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Cambria Math";">反对党阵线的分裂使国阵取得辉煌胜利。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria Math", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Cambria Math";"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Cambria Math"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Cambria Math"; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Cambria Math";">在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria Math", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Cambria Math";">1999</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Cambria Math"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Cambria Math"; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Cambria Math";">年大选中</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria Math", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Cambria Math";">, </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="background: fuchsia; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Cambria Math"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Cambria Math"; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Cambria Math"; mso-highlight: fuchsia;">行动党和回教党正式结盟</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria Math", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Cambria Math";">, </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Cambria Math"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Cambria Math"; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Cambria Math";">与公正党和人民党共同组成反对党联盟</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria Math", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Cambria Math";">—</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Cambria Math"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Cambria Math"; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Cambria Math";">替代阵线</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria Math", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Cambria Math";">(BA)</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Cambria Math"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Cambria Math"; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Cambria Math";">。行动党最终只获得</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria Math", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Cambria Math";">10</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Cambria Math"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Cambria Math"; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Cambria Math";">席。它的失败是因为失去华人选票。华人对行动党与回教党结盟不满,也担心国家动乱。</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">回教党则因胜利而信心大增,哈迪阿旺</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">2001</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">年</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">6</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">月</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">28</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">日声称回教党如在下届大选获得执政权</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">, </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">必定会在马来西亚<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: red; mso-highlight: red;">建立回教国</span></b></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;"> ,</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">引起朝野反对。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">2001</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">年</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">911</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">事件发生后</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">, </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">行动党与回教党划清界线,<span style="background: yellow; mso-highlight: yellow;">再次宣布退出反对党联盟替阵</span>。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">巫统为重获马来人支持</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">, </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">消解</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">1999</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">年大选挫折</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">, </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">首相马哈迪不顾反对于</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">2001 </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">年</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">9</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">月</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">29</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">日<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: red; mso-highlight: red;">宣布马来西亚已是回教国</span></b>,这也让行动党有机会攻击国政及马华。马华的立场始终是反对回教化的。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">2004 </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">年大选在新形势下展开</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">, </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">国阵大获全胜。<span style="background: yellow; mso-highlight: yellow;">行动党与回教党决裂</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">, </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">重获华人支持</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">,</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">获得</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">12</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">个议席</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">,</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">成为国会中的第一大反对党。而回教党议席大幅下挫</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">, </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">只获得</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">6</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">席</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">, </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">还丢掉了丁加奴州</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">, </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">只在吉兰丹州以微弱优势保住政权。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">2008</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">年大选前反对党再组<span style="background: fuchsia; mso-highlight: fuchsia;">人民联盟</span>,回教党提出新的大选宣言</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">, </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">不再提回教国主张</span></u></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">, </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">而是提出〈<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u>福利国</u></b></span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Cambria Math"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Cambria Math"; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Cambria Math";">〉</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">概念。福利国所关注的民主、民生、自由、民族团结等问题</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">, </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">与行动党的大选宣言有不少相同之处。国政却一味在打发展牌,结果反对党获得空前的胜利,国政遭遇了大海啸,除了被否决</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">2/3</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">多数国会议席外,在州政权上未能夺回吉兰丹州</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">, </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">还失去了吉打州、霹雳州、雪兰莪州和槟城的政权。华人在此次大选中对回教党的态度值得关注。回教党不再提回教国理念</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">, </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">而是提倡福利国</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">, </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">使得一些<u>对国阵政府腐败盛行极为不满的华人也投票给回教党</u>。当选区中只有巫统和回教党候选人时</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">, </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">一些华人宁愿投票给回教党</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">, </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">而不投票给巫统</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">, </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">因为巫统某些领袖一党独大</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">, </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">霸道的行为</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">, </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">华族选民看在眼里</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">, </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">实在忍无可忍。为了教训巫统</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">, </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">华族选民投了反对党。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">总结</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;"></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">行动党出于本身政治考量,在回教课题上<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">反复的支持及退出</b>反对党联盟。一方面,如要推翻国阵</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">, </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">行动党就必须与所有反对党合作</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">; </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">另一方面</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">, </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">行动党的世俗性使它坚持反对回教国</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">, </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">这就决定了行动党与回教党<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">合作时的犹豫态度</b>。而回教党最终目标就是</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">回教国理念,一有机会他们便会把它付诸实施。</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">公正党则有许多前巫统党员反对〈回教国文件〉所鼓吹的放弃马来人主权以及新经济政策等不平等的议程,因此民联的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">100</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">日维新议程中就没有废除马来人主权以及新经济政策的承诺。民联如果执政,这许许多多的矛盾点就会浮出台面。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">国政本身的问题是在贪污腐化,滥权,暴虐及一党独大的形象。只有洗脱这个负面的形象,人民尤其是华社的支持才会回流。国政本身的强点是中庸政治,因此不应该因为回教党的威胁而去强调回教国,才能够获得非回教徒及华社的支持。马华公会由始至终坚决反对回教化</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">, </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">而且从来没有妥协过。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">回教国及回教法一直以来都是华社不能接受的。因为它会直接的影响华社的生活。如果神权抬头,回教法就会取代取代世俗法甚至宪法,在公共事务上我们的生活肯定受到影响。不论是国政或民联,在下一届大选大家都必须放弃强调回教国,才不会令华社排斥。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;"></span></div>张志辉 Steve Teohhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04985454428082038457noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2474916157988312330.post-63457344595745080822010-10-25T02:05:00.000+08:002010-10-25T02:05:12.142+08:00事事关心:建设不等同于建筑看了最近所公布的财政预算案,发现马来西亚政府还是保留在马哈迪时代那种开发工程思维,以为<span style="background-color: yellow;"><strong>发展就是开工程,建设就是建筑</strong></span>。耗资50亿的超级建筑工程,究竟有什么好处?有人说它会刺激经济成长,依我的浅见,这个人肯定对经济没有深入的了解。<br />
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经济成长是指国内生产总值对比往年的增长率,衡量的是国内投资,资金流周转,生产力,消费,政府开支等因素。政府大幅度的开支以及大型工程或许会让人以为经济已经成长了,但那是局部的现象,因为这些还是原本国内现有的资金流动,而不是新的生产。经济增长并不一定代表发展,原因是因为经济增长的衡量尺度是GDP,而<span style="background-color: yellow;">GDP的增长不一定代表了生产力的发展</span>。<br />
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也难怪国人对这项计划有那么大的反弹,即使是套用“马来西亚能”的口号,也难逃被口诛笔伐的厄运。因为这栋高楼建造在一个非常稠密的地方,而且在任何形式上都没有什么特点,论高度又不比Burj Khalifa塔,论特色它也不比台北101大楼。更有人说在吉隆坡高楼的使用率从2009年降落到80.5%,而即将完成的大楼有额外13%的当儿,还来建一座不切实际的高楼简直就是浪费钱。(资料来源:National Property Information Centre (Napic) )<br />
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就因为没有一个实际的价值,甚至有些人认为他是某些政治人物的囊中物。真正在这栋大楼计划直接获益的是建筑工程发展商,地产公司及房地产炒家。但人民始终没有办法看到它所为人民带来的直接利益。<br />
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如果我们要发展国家经济,把国家带到更高峰就该懂得如何去管理国家建设。国家建设是要全面化的,单靠一个超级工程那里能够把国家带到<u>高收入国</u>的行列?在此我要和大家分享一点国家建设的要诀。<br />
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国家建设可以分为几种:<br />
1。<strong>人文建设</strong> - 各民族及地方的文化习俗,艺术音乐,宗教信仰,历史遗产等都应该享有发展的空间。<br />
2。<strong>环境建设</strong> - 城市规划 - 住宅,休闲,道路,广场,商业,农业,工业地段的妥善分配,考量点包括交通,公共设备,能源,环保都必须平衡的获得发展。<br />
3。<strong>知识建设</strong> - 提升国民的教育及知识水平,提高教学课程水平及内涵,增强国民的竞争力。<br />
开发新的知识,利用知识为国家赚取外汇,成为知识经济国家。<br />
4。<strong>经济建设</strong> - 为国家制定经济发展策略,开放经济领域,加强国家的贸易,提高出口量,以及减低对外入口的依赖。<br />
5。<strong>安全建设</strong> - 防灾,紧急应对,治安,地方安全,道路安全等。<br />
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从以上的建设来看,人民现在最渴望的首要是经济,安全及知识建设,紧接着是环境建设以及人文建设。这项100层高楼计划在人民的心目中排次要的位子,远比经济,安全,知识来得低。既然如此,我们确实有必要重新探讨高楼计划的必要性,不要贸然去做。<br />
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经济发展的主要来源还是<strong>扩大经济蛋糕,提升升国人的生产能力,设法赚取外汇</strong>,而不是专注在国内消费。我们必须要有正确的世界观,才不会自我膨胀。马来西亚是个小国,只有泱泱大国如中国才有庞大的内销市场让国家经济继续成长。<br />
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如果政府要继续获得人民的支持,就必须了解人民的需求,对症下药才行。张志辉 Steve Teohhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04985454428082038457noreply@blogger.com0